Toxaphene

General
Surname	Toxaphene
other names	Camphechlor Chlorocamphen Polychlorocamphene Chlorinated camphene Chlorinated 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylennorbornane
Molecular formula	- (complex mixture)
Brief description	yellow, waxy solid
External identifiers / databases
CAS number 8001-35-2 EC number 232-283-3 ECHA InfoCard 100.029.348 Wikidata Q417157
properties
Molar mass	- (complex mixture)
Physical state	firmly
density	1.65 g cm −3
Melting point	65-90 ° C
boiling point	decomposition
Vapor pressure	67 Pa (25 ° C )
solubility	almost insoluble in water (~ 3 mg l −1 at 20 ° C)
safety instructions
GHS hazard labeling from  Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) , expanded if necessary danger H and P phrases H: 301-312-315-335-351-410 P: 261-273-280-301 + 310-501
MAK	Switzerland: 0.5 mg m −3 (measured as inhalable dust )
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Toxaphene is a pesticide that consists of a complex mixture of differently substituted chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are derived from the basic structure of Bornan .

history

It was first marketed by Hercules Inc. in 1945 as Hercules 3956 . Toxaphene was one of the most widely used insecticides in the world until it was banned by the EPA in 1982. Between 1946 and 1993, approximately one million tons of toxaphene were used worldwide. Its use in agriculture was banned in the Federal Republic of Germany as early as 1971.

composition

Toxaphene consists of a complex mixture of mainly multiple chlorinated bornanes , multiple chlorinated bornenes , bornadienes , camphenes and dihydrocamphenes . The technical product contains at least 202 different chemical compounds.

• 

  Chlorobornanes

• 

  Chlorobornene

• 

  Chlorobornadienes

• 

  Chlorcamphenes
  ( mixture of isomers )

• 

  Chlordihydrocamphene
  (mixture of isomers)

Analytical evidence

The chemical-analytical detection in environmental samples, food and animal feed is carried out after suitable sample preparation to separate the matrix and gas chromatographic separation of minor components by high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques such as flight mass spectrometry (Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry).

Prohibition

By the Stockholm Convention of 22 May 2001 was a worldwide ban on the manufacture, sale and use of twelve persistent organic pollutants ( POP = persistent organic pollutants ) ratified. That " dirty dozen " includes Toxaphene. With the ratification by the 50th acceding country on May 17, 2004, the Convention acquired global legal validity.

use

Toxaphen was used as a pesticide mainly in the cultivation of cotton , grain , fruits , nuts and vegetables .

Toxicity and Biological Significance

Toxaphene is considered to be carcinogenic .

Due to its high volatility , toxaphene is also transported to remote areas via the atmosphere and is therefore present everywhere (ubiquitously) in the environment .

Web links

• University of Hohenheim: Chemistry and environmental behavior of the chlorine pesticide Toxaphen

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Entry on toxaphene in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on February 1, 2016(JavaScript required) .
2. ↑ Entry on Toxaphene in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
3. ↑ Swiss Accident Insurance Fund (Suva): Limit values ​​- current MAK and BAT values (search for 8001-35-2 or Toxaphen ), accessed on November 2, 2015.
4. ↑ Mahmoud Abbas Saleh: Capillary gas chromatography-electron impact chemical ionization mass spectrometry of toxaphene, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31 (4), pp. 748-751, doi : 10.1021 / jf00118a017 .
5. ↑ Eric J. Reiner, Adrienne R. Boden, Tony Chen, Karen A. MacPherson and Alina M. Muscalu: Advances in the Analysis of Persistent Halogenated Organic Compounds . In: LC GC Europe , 23 (2010) 60-70.