Andenzun king

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Andenzun king
Mountain Wren - Ecuador S4E3967 (17168286775) .jpg

Andenza un king ( Troglodytes solstitialis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Troglodytes
Type : Andenzun king
Scientific name
Troglodytes solstitialis
Sclater, PL , 1859

The Andean wren ( Troglodytes solstitialis ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae) that in Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Argentina is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The Andenza king reaches a body length of about 10.5 to 11.5 cm with a weight of about 11.8 g. He has reddish brown reins . The yellow-brown to brown eye stripe extends from in front of the eye to behind the eye, with the area behind the eyes looking a little darker. The ear covers are warm yellow-brown to brown. The skull and the front skull are reddish brown, the neck, shoulders, back and rump are less reddish. The hand and arm wings are light reddish brown and dark chocolate brown striped on the outer flags. The control feathers are reddish brown with narrow blackish stripes. The throat and chest are warm yellow-brown, the belly a little lighter yellow-brown, the flanks yellow-brown to brown with indistinct darker stripes and the rump greyish white also with indistinct darker stripes. The eyes are dark brown, the beak blackish and the legs dark grayish brown. Both sexes are similar. Young animals are different from adult birds. The eye stripe looks less warm yellow-brown, the top has less warm colors, the underside is matt gray-brown, the chin to the upper abdomen are speckled with a diffuse dark gray-brown.

Behavior and nutrition

Few data are available on the diet of the Andenza king. He is usually traveling in pairs or in small family groups. Occasionally he mixes with other species or mixed groups. He looks for his food in the lower strata or occasionally climbs around moss-covered trees.

Vocalizations

The Andenzun King's song is a rather calm series of high notes that sound like trii-trii-tititiki . The warning call is a constant sound that sounds very characteristic like dss or di-di .

Reproduction

The Andenza King's breeding season is relatively long and varies greatly depending on the area of ​​distribution. Fledging nestlings have been observed in Colombia most of the year. In Peru the breeding season is from February to December, in Bolivia from November to February. Eggs were discovered in northern Argentina in November. It is very likely that there are several broods per year, but there is no clear research data on this. There are few descriptions of the nest. One was described as a massive structure with a side entrance but no roof. This was built from root fibers and laid out tightly with dry leaves. One nest in Ecuador was found about 2 meters above the ground in a clump of bushes near a tree, and another in a natural crevice ten meters above the ground on a tree trunk. A clutch consists of two white eggs, but there are reports from Argentina with four to five eggs that were whitish and had chestnut-colored spots on the thicker end.

distribution and habitat

The Andenza king prefers moist forests and forest edges, as well as cloud and cloud forest up to the tree line. Occasionally it occurs in the bamboo thicket. It is mostly on the move at altitudes of 1700 to 3500 meters, but has been spotted in northern Argentina up to 700 meters.

migration

The Andenza king is considered a resident bird .

Subspecies

There are five known subspecies.

  • Troglodytes solstitialis solitarius Todd , 1912 occurs in western and central Colombia and western Venezuela. The subspecies has a darker upper side than the nominate form , the ear cover spots appear deeper brown, the throat is lighter yellow-brown, the flanks less reddish and the tail is longer.
  • Troglodytes solstitialis solstitialis Sclater, PL , 1859 is distributed from the extreme south-west of Colombia through Ecuador to north-west Peru.
  • Troglodytes solstitialis macrourus von Berlepsch & Stolzmann , 1902 occurs in eastern central Peru. The subspecies most closely resembles T. s. frater , but has a shorter tail and a less reddish top.
  • Troglodytes solstitialis frater Sharpe , 1882 is common in southeastern Peru and Bolivia. The subspecies most closely resembles T. s. auricularis , but has a white to yellowish-brown-white eye stripe.
  • Troglodytes solstitialis auricularis Cabanis , 1883 occurs in northwestern Argentina. The subspecies is larger and more long-tailed. The center of the chest is white.

Etymology and history of research

The Andenza king was first described in 1859 by Philip Lutley Sclater under the scientific name Troglodytes solstitialis . The type specimen was collected by Louis Fraser near Riobamba in Penipe and Matos. As early as 1809, Louis Pierre Vieillot introduced the genus Troglodytes, which was new to science . This name is derived from "trōglē, trōgō κτρωγλη, τρωγω " for "cave, gnaw" and "-dutēs, duō -δυτης, δυω " for "diving, immersing". The species name "solstitialis" is derived from the Latin "solstitium, sol, solis" for "summer, sun". "Solitarius" means "living alone" from "solus, solius" for "alone". "Frater" means "brother". "Macrourus" is a Greek word formation from "macros μακρος " for "long" and "-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα " for "-tailed, tail". "Auricularis" has its origin in "auricula, aura" for "ear".

literature

  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Jan Sztolcman, John Gerrard Keulemans : On the Ornithological Research of M. Jean Kalinowski in Central Peru . In: Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1902 . tape 2 , 1902, pp. 18-60 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jean Louis Cabanis : Species discovered by Fritz Schulz in Tucuman . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  4 ). tape 11 , no. 1 , 1883, p. 105-106 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson , Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Mountain Wren (Troglodytes solstitialis) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in the vicinity of Riobamba, in the Republic of Ecuador . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 26 , no. 381 , 1859, pp. 549-556 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015] 1858).
  • Richard Bowdler Sharpe: Catalog of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds in the collection of the British Museum . tape 6 . Order of the Trustees, London 1882 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1881).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: Descriptions of seventeen new neotropical birds . In: Annals of the Carnegie Museum . tape 8 , 1912, pp. 198-204 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1911-1913).
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale, contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois . 2 (delivery 18). Chez Desray, Paris 1809 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1807-1809).

Web links

Commons : Andenza king ( Troglodytes solstitialis )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ^ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd (1912), p. 206.
  4. ^ A b Philip Lutley Sclater (1859), p. 550.
  5. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a. (1902), pp. 55-56.
  6. ^ Richard Bowdler Sharpe (1882), pp. XII & 261.
  7. ^ Jean Louis Cabanis (1883), p. 105.
  8. ↑ Louis Pierre Vieillot (1809), pp. 52–56.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 391.
  10. ↑ a b James A. Jobling, p. 359.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 164.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 236.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 62.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Vieillot categorized the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon ) and the reed warbler ( Acrocephalus arundinaceus ) in the new genus.
  2. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. P. 157.