Tomato leaf miner

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tomato leaf miner
Tuta absoluta 5432149.jpg

Tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Gelechioidea
Family : Palm moths (Gelechiidae)
Type : Tomato leaf miner
Scientific name
Tuta absoluta
( Meyrick , 1917)

The tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ), a pest mainly on tomatoes , is a species of butterfly from the family of palm moths (Gelechiidae). It is also called the South American tomato moth or tomato leaf miner . Synonyms for the scientific name Tuta absoluta are: Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Povolny, 1987), Scrobipalpula absoluta (Povolny, 1964), Gnorimoschema absoluta (Clarke, 1962), Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick, 1917). The EPPO code is GNORAB.

description

features

The butterfly that lives on the tomato plant is six to seven millimeters long and has a wingspan of eight to ten millimeters. The female usually lays her eggs on the underside of the leaves, on the buds or on the green fruits. The majority of the eggs (75%) are laid on the leaves, another part on the stem / stem (21%) and about 6% on the flower buds, on the sepals. If eggs are laid on fruits, this happens almost exclusively on unripe, green fruits (<3 cm in diameter) or buds very close to the sepals (sepals). According to the literature, no eggs are laid on larger fruits. Feeding holes arise when later larval stages penetrate there. The eggs are cream-colored, 0.4 millimeters long and 0.2 millimeters in diameter.

The larvae of the first stage (L1) are only about 0.6 to 0.8 millimeters in size. The larvae of the third larval stage (L3) are about 4.5 millimeters long and those of the fourth larval stage (L4) reach a length of up to eight millimeters. The larva has a black head. Older larvae have a variable, brightly spotted pronotum.

The pupae are brown and four to six millimeters long. The adults are brown to silvery in color with black spots on the narrow wings. Her legs are ringed brown and black. Their antennas are almost six millimeters long and consist of five or six limbs. The adult animals can be identified under the microscope in the male sex.

Life cycle

The adult animals hide between leaves during the day and are mostly nocturnal. Under favorable conditions, 10–12 generations can develop in a year. However, only five generations are known in Argentina. Tomatoes are attacked at every stage of growth. A temperature range of 14 to 30 ° C is necessary for the complete life cycle. If host plants, especially tomatoes, are present, they hardly go into diapause. The moth can overwinter as an egg, but also as a pupa or adult animal. Outside of South America, even fewer details of development times are known. Studies in Chile show that the development cycle takes 76 days at 14 ° C, 40 days at 20 ° C and just 24 days at 27 ° C (rounded to the nearest whole number). The female moth lays 250–260 eggs in its lifetime, mainly on the underside of the leaves. It lays around three times as many eggs as thrips. The larva hatches after 4 to 5 days and only feeds on the mesophyll in the leaf. It only damages the epidermis when it emerges to pupate or in search of more food. Four larval stages are formed. The first larval stage measures 0.9 millimeters and becomes 7.5 mm long by the fourth. The development time from hatching to pupation takes 13 to 15 days. The larvae can pupate in the feeding tunnels, on the leaf surface and in the soil. If the pupation does not take place in the ground, a cocoon is formed for protection. The pupal stage lasts 9 to 11 days. In Central Europe, the outdoor temperatures in winter are too low. This way the moth cannot overwinter in the wild. However, with year-round crops and because they are kept frost-free throughout the winter, greenhouses offer evenly warm conditions in which the animals can survive the winter. That is why there is no tomato leafminer in South America from 1000 meters above sea level, because the temperatures there are too low.

Symptoms

Tomato leafminer infestation is easy to find because it is mainly located in the head, the young part of the plant, on buds and young fruits, where black droppings can then be found. Flat mining ducts are developed in leaves that resemble the shape of an oak leaf. The leaf skin remains standing and only the cells inside the leaf are eaten. The gap later turns dark. Then the shoots are also attacked. Here the larva eats its way into the shoot and hollowed it out. The shoot part above wilts or shows inhibition of growth. If the tomato fruits are attacked, the larva eats its way into the fruit. This is later infected there by fungi and bacteria (secondary attack). Fruits are attacked through all stages of development. However, the green fruits are preferred. Often several fruits of a roll (or grape, baggage train, grappe) are attacked.

Culture damage

Tuta absoluta knows tomato production in South America, both in the field and in the greenhouse, as one of the main pests. Yield and fruit quality are adversely affected by larvae feeding holes and contamination with excreted faeces. Without control, failures of 50 to 100% occur. The degree of infestation, however, differs from variety to variety. Even with very good pest control, a yield loss of 1 to 5% is expected. The tomato leaf miner is one of the most important pests on potatoes in Latin America, and it eats the aboveground plant. Since the animals have little chance of survival outdoors in the Central European climate, little damage is expected in outdoor cultures. There are 5 levels of damage: Level 0 (no symptoms), Level 1 (occasional damage, up to 5% plants damaged), Level 2 (infestation low but easy to find, 5–25% plants damaged), Level 3 (25–50 % Plants damaged), level 4 (more than 50% plants with one live larva), and level 5 (more than 50% plants damaged and more than one live larva).

Distinction

Mining course the minier fly

The identification of the larvae that feed on leaves is easy, because only very few larvae of the palm moth (Gelechniidae) attack tomato leaves. The larva eats flat mining tunnels that resemble an oak leaf and can be seen from both sides of the leaf. On the other hand, there are many species of this family that also eat corridors in the fruit, but can only be identified as adults . These include, among others, Scrobipalpopsis solanivora on potatoes, which does not occur in France, and Phthorimea operculella , which also lives on nightshade plants. The latter has a larger black band on the pronotum. The leaf miner fly ( Liriomyza ssp.), On the other hand, makes wavy, sometimes circling, fine feeding tunnels (picture right). In the cotton bollworm, the round entry point for feeding in the fruit is about 5–10 millimeters in size. With the tomato leaf miner, however, the entry point is significantly smaller at 4 to 6 millimeters.

Occurrence and distribution

In addition to the tomato (leaf, shoot, fruit), the host plants are potatoes (leaves, not tuber) and other nightshade plants such as eggplant , pepino , black nightshade , paprika , thorn apple and tobacco . However, these are less affected than the tomato. For the aubergine, there is only infestation under laboratory conditions that have not yet been confirmed outdoors. The tomato leaf miner occurs in South America only up to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level. It is spread internationally over long distances by means of infected fruits. There are many indications that imported infected fruits brought the animals with them and released them in packing stations. However, it only spreads very regionally through its own flying.

history

The tomato leaf miner comes from Central America and has spread from there to South America. It causes a lot of damage in South America.

  • In 1962 finds were reported from Japan where Solanum lyratum attacked them. Today this pest is no longer known there.
  • In 1964 she was introduced from Chile to Argentina. It spread there very strongly in the 1970s.
  • In 1972 tobacco damage was reported in Argentina. In South America, it was found in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. There it occurs only up to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level.
  • In 2004 it was already included in the A1 list of EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization).
  • In 2005 it was not yet found in the EU. In the United States, the tomato leaf miner is a quarantine pest.
  • In 2006 the tomato leaf miner first appeared in Spain. In the following year, compensation was paid there for the destruction of infested crops in order to contain the pest.
  • In 2007 , the pest was found in Spain in Castellón, Valencia and the islands of Ibiza.
  • In 2008 , finds were also reported from Algeria, Morocco and Corsica. In the same year in Italy in the regions of Calabria, Campania, Sardenga and Sicily. In France then early in the Var and in the Bouches-du Rhône in autumn 2008.
  • In January 2009 , the first 3 adult tomato leaf miners were registered in a packing facility with a pheromone trap in the Netherlands. Vine tomatoes from Spain were repacked in the packing plant. At the beginning of March, the United States issued an import regulation for tomatoes because of the leaf miner. At the beginning of April, 80 holdings were monitored in the Netherlands. In the meantime, finds are also being made in France in the Provence-Alpes and Côte d'Azur regions. Finally, Tunisia will be reported in early summer and Libya and Great Britain in July 2009. Since June / July 2009 the first Dutch tomato farm has been operating where moths were found in the greenhouse. In the Netherlands, the tomato leaf miner does not get quarantine status because it spreads too quickly. In Switzerland, the first adult animals were caught outdoors in June 2009 with a pheromone trap near Geneva in the Troinex and Lully area. In the same year, Spanish farms had to clear their crops prematurely because of the tomato leafminer, also because of poor prices and additional rust mite infestation.
  • 2010 first appearance in Austria in companies in Burgenland

Countermeasures

Trap for tomato leafminer

Culture controls : The exact control of the culture itself is also important for the early detection of infestations. For this purpose, the stock is completely checked once a week. To register the first flight and the presence of the tomato leaf miner, trap traps with a pheromone dispenser are used to attract and kill the males. Special pheromones to attract the tomato leafminer are already available. Pheromone traps are recommended in the UK to control a population of less than 1 to 3 catches of moths per week. In Spain, population-reducing effects have also been achieved by setting up these traps on a massive scale. This takes place in the greenhouse with 25 pheromone traps per hectare and outdoors with 40 pheromone traps. Set up at a maximum distance of 25 m. The pheromone used is a mixture of two attractants (90:10 mixture of (3E, 8Z, 11Z) -3,8,11-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate and (3E, 8Z) -3,8-tetradecadiene-1 -yl acetate). In order to register the first occurrence and the strength of the development, a weekly inspection of the traps is recommended. Captured animals are removed and the number is recorded. The pheromone capsules can be used for 4 weeks. The population size is divided into 4 levels: no risk (0 animal caught), low risk (fewer than 10 animals per trap and week), moderate / increasing risk (3 to 30 catches per trap and week) and increased risk (more than 30 catches per case and week). Especially in countries where no moths have been found so far, packaging companies that process imports from Italy, Spain and Morocco are monitored with pheromone traps.

External control: Tomato leafminer is not a quarantine pest, but should be reported to the regional phytosanitary advice centers for inspection in suspected cases, for security and precise identification.

Use of beneficial insects: Finally, beneficial insects can also be used. The predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis were successful under laboratory conditions. Both opponents kill eggs and all larval stages, with the first larval stage being preferred. With the predatory bug Macrolophus in particular , however, it is known that too much time elapses between the use and development of a sufficient Macrolophus population and therefore control cannot really be achieved. At the same time, the use of very large quantities of this beneficial organism, which is necessary for good effects, is very expensive. Finally, the parasitic wasp ( Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879), an egg parasite that is also used in a different way against the European corn borer and codling moth. Tests are also carried out with Trichogramma achaeae in Spain. Parasitized eggs turn black. The ichneumon wasp is very sensitive to pesticides. The predatory bug Nesisiocoris tenuis can also be used right at the start of cultivation. Further predators (opponents / beneficial insects / parasites) are: Pseudoapanteles dignus , Dineulophus phthorimaeae , Cornua ssp. and Podisus nigrispinus . All infected fruits must be removed from the culture and destroyed. It is also important to keep crops and fields from the same family free of weeds. These are: Solanum lyratum , common nightshade ( Solanum nigrum ), Solanum elaeagnofolium , Solanum puberulum , thorn apple ( Datura stramonium , Datura ferox ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana glauca ). Since different types of infestation have been observed in different tomato varieties, attempts have also been made to find resistant tomato strains. The species Lycopersicon hirsutum f shows resistance . typicum .

Plant protection agents : The active ingredients indoxacarb , spinosad , chloranthraniloprol , flubendiamide and a biological agent with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki are used to chemically combat the pests with ( insecticides ) . The active ingredient deltamethrin is also used. Experiments with ingredients obtained from plants have been partially successful.

However, the high rate of reproduction of the pest ensures a rapid build-up of resistance . The first resistances appeared in Argentina as early as 1980, 10 years after the first appearance. The tomato leaf miners found there are resistant to the active substance group of pyrethroids and the active substance abamectin . Such animals have spread further to Europe. In 2015, resistances to the active ingredient group of diamides (chloranthraniloprol & flubendiamide) were also found in southern Sicily.

Change of culture: There are also ways of containing the pest in terms of culture . It is advisable to change cultures (e.g. cucumbers instead of tomatoes), to take a break in winter, to eliminate host plants (especially weeds) from the same family and to completely remove and destroy infected plants or parts of plants. In order to generally keep pests out of greenhouses, insect-proof greenhouses are recommended, the ventilation flaps and entrances of which are protected with insect nets (mesh size 9 * 6 threads / cm²). After the culture has been cleared, 100% cleaning and disinfection of the culture area is necessary. This is also beneficial against other pests.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A. Korycinska and H. Moran: South American tomato moth in: Plant Pest Notice , No. 56, 2009, Fera - The Food and Environment Research Agency, UK, pp. 1-4
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h EPPO: Tuta absoluta in: EPPO Bulletin , No. 35, 2005, pp. 434-435
  3. ↑ a b c d e Plantenziektenkundige Dienst (PD): Tuta absoluta dreigt grote plaag te , in: Groenten & Fruit - week 28, 2009, p. 18
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k J.-M Ramel and E. Oudard: Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) Éléments de reconnaissance , LNPV station d'entomologie, Avignon, République Francaise, December 2008, 2008, p 1-2
  5. ^ Frias 1994 in Estay (2001) Primer Curso "Manejo Integrado de plagas y enfermedades en tomate. Actas series N ° 12. ISSN  0717-4810 . Centro Regional de Investigacion La Platina.
  6. ↑ Estay PP (2001): Primer Curso "Manejo Integrado de plagas y enfermedades en tomate. Actas series N ° 12. ISSN  0717-4810 . Centro Regional de Investigacion La Platina.
  7. ↑ a b Montserrat Delgado (2009): La polilla del tomato "Tuta absoluta" in the region of Murcia: bases para su control. Consejería de Agricultura y Agua, Región de Murcia, 74p.
  8. ↑ ZR Barrientos, HJ Apablaza, SA Norero and PP Estay: Threshold temperature and thermal constant for development of the South American tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) , in: Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria , No. 25, 1998, p. 133-137
  9. ↑ E. Langen: Sea 'kleintjes' van Tuta guarded . In: Groenten & Fruit , July 8, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  10. ↑ S. Fischer: The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in: Gemüsebau Info , No. 13/09, 9 June, ACW - Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station Switzerland, 2009, pp. 4-6
  11. ↑ a b c NPPO Netherlands: Tuta absoluta Povolny (Gelechiidae) - tomato leaf miner - in tomato packaging facility in The Netherlands , Pest Record, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Wacheningen, The Netherlands, 2009, pp. 1-2
  12. ^ CIP: Major Potato Diseases, Insects, and Nematodes , Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, 1996
  13. ↑ a b B. Waagmeester: 80 tomato beds onder verscherpt toezicht . In: Groenten & Fruit , April 2, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  14. ↑ a b c d e FREDON - Corse: Mesures de lutte contre Tuta absoluta , Fredon - Corse 06-07-2009, 2009, pp. 1-4
  15. ↑ PM Caffarini, AM Folcia, SR Panzardi and A. Pérez: Incidence of low levels of foliar damage caused by Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) on tomato , in: Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas , No. 25, 1999, p. 75– 78
  16. ↑ a b J. Galarza: Laboratory assessment of some solanaceous plants as possible food plants of the tomato moth Scrobipalpula absoluta , IDIA No. 421/424, 1984, pp 30-32.
  17. ↑ a b A.P. Notz: Distribution of eggs and larvae of Scrobipalpula absoluta in potato plants , in: Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía , No. 18, Maracay, 1992, pp. 425-432
  18. ↑ JF Clarke: New species of microlepidoptera from Japan , Entomological News, No. 73, 1962, p. 102
  19. ↑ MF García and JC Espul: bioecology of the tomato moth (Scrobipalpula absoluta) in Mendoza, Argentine Republic , in: Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , No. 17, pp 135-146.
  20. ↑ a b M.MM Lietti, E. Botto and RA Alzogaray: Resistência a inseticidas em populações argentinas de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) , Neotropical Entomology, Vol. 34, No. 1, ISSN  1519-566X , 2005
  21. ↑ AR Mallea, GS Macola, SJG Gracia, LA Bahamodndes and JH Suarez: Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginica, a new host of Scrobipalpula absoluta in: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , No. 18, 1972, pp. 13-15
  22. ↑ a b Fepex: VS pakt Tuta absoluta aan . In: Groenten & Fruit , March 11, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  23. ↑ a b G. Boonekamp: Nieuwe plaag bedreigt Mediterranean tomatenteelt . In: Groenten & Fruit , 2007, week 49, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  24. ↑ A. Urbaneja, R. Vercher, V. Navarro, FM Gracía and JL Porcuna: La polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta , Phytoma-Espana, No. 194, 2007, pp. 16-23
  25. ↑ G. Boonekamp: Spaanse Telers erg bezorgd om Tuta . In: Groenten & Fruit , February 20, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  26. ↑ PD: Vondst schadelijke mineermot tomatenteelt , in: Groenten & Fruit, February 10, 2009 - week 7, 2009, p.
  27. ↑ NN: Tuta absoluta - information network , retrieved July 26, 2009, http://www.tutaabsoluta.com/
  28. ↑ E. Langen: A couple of Tuta absoluta's given in kassen . In: Groenten & Fruit , June 2, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  29. ^ E. Langen: Tuta absoluta krijgt geen quarantaine status . In: Groenten & Fruit , July 20, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  30. ↑ C. Sauer, W. Heller and M. Koller: Gemüsebau Info , No. 18/09, 14 July, ACW - Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station Switzerland, 2009, pp. 1–6
  31. ↑ Homepage Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, subpage Tota absoluta, accessed on August 7, 2011 Archived copy ( memento of the original from May 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ages.at
  32. ↑ J. Salas: Capture of Tuta absoluta in traps baited with its sex pheromone , Revista Colombiana de Entomología, No. 20, 2004, pp. 75-78
  33. ↑ A. Savatos et al .: Sex pheromone of tomato pest Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) , Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 4, ISSN  0098-0331 , 1996, pp. 787-800
  34. ↑ a b c d E. Langen: Maat rules tegen Tuta Absoluta op een rij . In: Groenten & Fruit , April 28, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, 2009, online
  35. ↑ A. Urbaneja, H. Montón and O Mollá: Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey for Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis , Journal of Applied Entomology, Vol. 133, No. 4, 2008, pp. 292-296
  36. ↑ RdCR Goncalves-Gervasio, AI Rodrigues, LVC Santa-Cecilia and WR Maluf: Parasitismo de ovos de tuta absoluta por Trichogramma pretiosum em diferentes genótipos de tomateiro , Pesq. agrope. bras., Vol. 35, No. 6, ISSN  0100-204X , 2000, pp. 1269-1274
  37. ↑ a b T. Cabello: Natuurlijke vijand tegen Tuta absoluta . In: Groenten & Fruit , May 13, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  38. ↑ J. van der Bloom: Trichogramma succesvol tegen Tuta absoluta . In: Groenten & Fruit , July 31, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  39. ↑ S. Hewa-Kapuge, S. McDugall, AA Hoffmann: Effects of Methoxyfenozide, Indoxacarb, and Other Insecticides on the Beneficial Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma no. brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Under Laboratory and Field Conditions , Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2003, pp. 1083-1090
  40. ↑ R. Rombouts: Bestrijding van Tuta absoluta in Spanje . In: Groenten & Fruit , July 3, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  41. ↑ CC Ecole, M. Picanco, GN Jham, RNC Guedes: Variability in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum and possible compounds involved in tis resistance to Tuta absoluta , Agric. For. Entomology, No. 1, 1999, pp. 249-254
  42. ↑ H. Nagai, W. Siqueira, A. Lurenclao: Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Pests in Brazil , Acta Horticulurae, ISHS, Vol. 301, No. 10, 1992, pp. 91-98
  43. ↑ NAPPO: First detection of tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) in Spain . In: Phytosanitary Alert System April 4, NAPPO - North American Plant Protection Organizations, 2008, pp. 1-6
  44. ↑ E. Langen: PD stuit op voortplantende Tuta absoluta . In: Groenten & Fruit , July 1, 2009, accessed August 1, 2009, online
  45. ↑ US da Cunha, JD Vendramim, WC Rocha and PC Vieira: Bioatividade de Moléculas Isoladas de Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) sobre Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) , Neotropical Entomology, Vol 37, No. 6, 2008, p 709-715
  46. ↑ HQA Siqueira, RNC Guedes, MC Picanco: Insecticide resistance in populations of Tuta absoluta , Agricultural and Forest Entomology, No. 2, 2000, pp. 147-153
  47. ↑ IRAC Newsletter 38: The first cases of diamide -resistant Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)

Web links

Commons : Palm Moths  - Collection of images, videos and audio files