Great jawbirds

Great jawbirds
	Two Darwin's rheas ( Rhea darwinii ) in Torres del Paine National Park
Systematics
Trunk :	Chordates (chordata)
Sub-stem :	Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Superclass :	Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row :	Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
Class :	Birds (aves)
Subclass :	Great jawbirds
Scientific name
	Palaeognathae
	Pycraft , 1900

The ancient jaw birds (Palaeognathae) are one of the two subclasses of birds . In the traditional system, they are composed of the two orders of ratites (Struthioniformes) and cocktails (Tinamiformes) and include around 60 species in 6 recent families .

They are distinguished from the new jaw birds (Neognathae) mainly by a different palate structure and a window in the pelvic bones, between the ilium and ischium . The ratites have all lost the ability to fly, and the cockroaches are not powerful birds either. On the other hand, not all flightless birds are also part of the primitive jaw birds: The penguins, for example, are counted among the new jaw birds.

In addition, primitive jaw birds have a slightly poorer ability to distinguish colors than new jaw birds. In the breeding business and the rearing of the young, the rooster always has a very large share, and it often takes on these tasks alone. The young are refugees.

Systematics

The ancient jawbirds are also regarded as monophylum in more recent phylogenetic studies . They are within the still living ( recent ) birds, which consistently belong to the Neornithes , the sister group of all other kinship groups (Taxa) summarized as New Pine Birds (Neognathae). The order ratites (Struthioniformes) is, however, paraphyletic , that is, it has a common stem form, but the ratites do not include all subgroups that are derived from this stem form. Emu, cassowaries, kiwis, the extinct moas and rheas are more closely related to the flighty cockatiels (Tinamiformes) than to the ostriches (Struthioniformes ie S. ), which first split off from the line starting from the common ancestral form. The close relationship of emu and cassowaries, which are summarized in modern systematics as the order Casuariiformes, is undisputed . The closest relatives of this group are the kiwi fruit and the extinct Malagasy elephant birds.

All representatives come from the former southern major continent Gondwana and essentially still live there today.

Cladogram :

Great Pine Birds (Palaeognathae)

Ostriches (Struthioniformes)

Rheas (Rheiformes)

	Cockles (tinamiformes)

	Moas (Dinornithiformes) †

	Elephant birds (Aepyornithiformes) †

	Kiwi fruit (Apterygiformes)

Casuariiformes

Emus and cassowaries ( Casuariidae )

The position of the extinct taxon Lithornithiformes is uncertain, as is the Palaeotididae , today a basal position is usually assumed.

Web links

Commons : Urkiefervögel (Palaeognathae) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

swell

↑ Volker Storch , Ulrich Welsch : Systematic Zoologie , Fischer, 1997, ISBN 3-437-25160-0 .
↑ Hans-Heiner Bergmann : Aves, birds. In: Wilfried Westheide , Reinhard Rieger : Special Zoology. Part 2: Vertebrae and Skull Animals. 1st edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 .
↑ AJ Sillman, DA Bolnick, LW Haynes, AE Walter, ER Loew: Microspectrophotometry of the photo receptors of palaeognathous birds - the emu and the tinamou. In: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. Volume 144, No. 3, September 1981, pp. 271-276, doi: 10.1007 / BF00612558 .
↑ ^a ^b Kieren J. Mitchell, Bastien Llamas, Julien Soubrier, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Trevor H. Worthy, Jamie Wood, Michael SY Lee, Alan Cooper: Ancient DNA reveals Elephant Birds and Kiwi are Sister Taxa and Clarifies Ratite Bird Evolution. In: Science . Volume 344, 2014, pp. 898-900, doi: 10.1126 / science.1251981 .
↑ Takahiro Yonezawa, Takahiro Segawa, Hiroshi Mori, Paula F. Campos, Yuichi Hongoh, Hideki Endo, Ayumi Akiyoshi, Naoki Kohno, Shin Nishida, Jiaqi Wu, Haofei Jin, Jun Adachi, Hirohisa Kishino, Keny Kurokawa, Yoshifif Nogi, Hide , Harutaka Mukoyama, Kunio Yoshida, Armand Rasoamiaramanana, Satoshi Yamagishi, Yoshihiro Hayashi, Akira Yoshida, Hiroko Koike, Fumihito Akishinonomiya, Eske Willerslev, Masami Hasegawa: Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin. In: Current Biology. Volume 27, No. 1, 2017, pp. 68-77, doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2016.10.029 .

[1] Volker Storch , Ulrich Welsch : Systematic Zoologie , Fischer, 1997, ISBN 3-437-25160-0 .

[2] Hans-Heiner Bergmann : Aves, birds. In: Wilfried Westheide , Reinhard Rieger : Special Zoology. Part 2: Vertebrae and Skull Animals. 1st edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 .

[3] AJ Sillman, DA Bolnick, LW Haynes, AE Walter, ER Loew: Microspectrophotometry of the photo receptors of palaeognathous birds - the emu and the tinamou. In: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. Volume 144, No. 3, September 1981, pp. 271-276, doi: 10.1007 / BF00612558 .

[Mitchell_et_al.-4] Kieren J. Mitchell, Bastien Llamas, Julien Soubrier, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Trevor H. Worthy, Jamie Wood, Michael SY Lee, Alan Cooper: Ancient DNA reveals Elephant Birds and Kiwi are Sister Taxa and Clarifies Ratite Bird Evolution. In: Science . Volume 344, 2014, pp. 898-900, doi: 10.1126 / science.1251981 .

[Yonezawa_et_al.,_2017-5] Takahiro Yonezawa, Takahiro Segawa, Hiroshi Mori, Paula F. Campos, Yuichi Hongoh, Hideki Endo, Ayumi Akiyoshi, Naoki Kohno, Shin Nishida, Jiaqi Wu, Haofei Jin, Jun Adachi, Hirohisa Kishino, Keny Kurokawa, Yoshifif Nogi, Hide , Harutaka Mukoyama, Kunio Yoshida, Armand Rasoamiaramanana, Satoshi Yamagishi, Yoshihiro Hayashi, Akira Yoshida, Hiroko Koike, Fumihito Akishinonomiya, Eske Willerslev, Masami Hasegawa: Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin. In: Current Biology. Volume 27, No. 1, 2017, pp. 68-77, doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2016.10.029 .