Pre-Indo-European substrate
The pre-Indo-European substrate is a group of undetectably related languages that were spoken in both Europe and Asia before the establishment of Indo-European languages and - according to various hypotheses - are said to have influenced the vocabulary or grammar of the Indo-European languages.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Etruscan language became known from epigraphic monuments. By the middle of the 20th century, written monuments in other languages were discovered, including Minoan , Northern Piken , Eteocret , Eteokypr and Iberian . The only surviving pre-Indo-European language in Europe is Basque .
In addition, from the beginning of the 20th century, linguists began to study the possible substrates (i.e. the suspected remains of older languages) in the Indo-European languages. This is how the hypotheses of the pre-Germanic, pre-Greek (Pelasgic), pre-Celtic etc. substrates arose.
The Uralic languages are not counted among the pre-Indo-European languages, as they (ultimately probably from Asia) spread in Europe at about the same time as the Indo-European languages or a little later.
Europe
-
Aegean languages :
- possible pre-Greek substrate (also called Pelasgic or Mediterranean substrate; see Pelasger );
- Eteocretic (successor to the Minoan language ?);
- Eteokyprian (successor to the Cypriot language ?).
- Tyrsenic languages :
- Other unclassified languages of Italy:
- North pikish ;
- Camunian (see Camunni );
- Paleo Sardinian (or Nuragic language; see Nuragic culture ).
- Sicilian languages:
-
Paleo-Hispanic Languages :
- Basque and Aquitaine ;
- Iberian ;
- Tartessian (also South Lusitan; see Tartessos );
- Possible pre-Celtic substrate languages:
- continental pre-Celtic languages:
- Ligurian (?; Is now more considered Indo-European);
- pre-Celtic languages of the British Isles:
- goidelic substrate ;
- Pictish (?; The language of the Picts , now often viewed as Celtic).
- continental pre-Celtic languages:
- Germanic substrate hypothesis
- Old European hydronymy (?; According to the author of the hypothesis, Hans Krahe , but Indo-European)
Asia
- Possible substrates of the Indo-European languages of Anatolia :
- Possible old Iranian substrates:
- the language of the oasis culture (also called Oxus culture);
- Elamish ;
- possibly Ur burushaski .
- Possible substrates of the Vedic :
- the language of the oasis culture ;
- Munda languages ;
- harappic language ;
- Dravidian languages .
- Vedda , the non-Indo-European (and non- Dravidian ) language of the Sri Lankan Veddas .
See also
- Danube culture
- Ancient Europe (language research)
- Old European hydronymy
- Ancient Mediterranean language
- Vasconic hypothesis
literature
Archeology and culture
- David Anthony, Jennifer Y. Chi (Eds.): The Lost World of Old Europe. The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC. Princeton University Press, Princeton (NJ) 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-14388-0 .
- Peter I. Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree (Eds.): Ancient Europe 8000 BC - 1000 AD. An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 2004.
- Marija Gimbutas : Old Europe c. 7000-3500 BC The Earliest European Civilization Before the Infiltration of the Indo-European Peoples. In: The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1 / 1-2 (1973) pp. 1-20.
- Christopher Tilley: An Ethnography of the Neolithic. Early Prehistoric Societies in Southern Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996.
Linguistic research
- Alfred Bammesberger, Theo Vennemann (Ed.): Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Carl Winter, Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-8253-1449-9 .
- therein: Theo Vennemann : Languages in Prehistoric Europe north of the Alps , pp. 319–332 ( PDF ).
- Robert SP Beekes, Stefan Norbruis (Eds.): Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon . Brill, Leiden 2014, ISBN 90-04-27938-5
- Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (Eds.): Archeology and Language I. Theoretical and Methodological Orientations . Routledge, London 1997, ISBN 0-41511-760-7
- Pavel M. Dolukhanov: Archeology and Languages in Prehistoric Northern Eurasia. In: Japan Review. 2003, 15, pp. 175-186 ( PDF ).
- Marija Gimbutas : The language of the goddess. The buried symbol system of western civilization . Zweiausendeins, Frankfurt am Main 1995 (original in English, 1989), ISBN 3-86150-120-1
- John Greppin, TL Markey (Ed.): When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans. Karoma Publishers, Ann Arbor 1990, ISBN 0-89720-090-X
- Winfred P. Lehmann : Pre-Indo-European . Institute for the Study of Man, Washington, DC 2002, ISBN 0-941694-82-8
- Robert Mailhammer: Diversity vs. Uniformity. Europe before the Arrival of Indo-European Languages. In: Robert Mailhammer, Theo Vennemann, Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.): Linguistic Roots of Europe. Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen 2014, ISBN 978-87-635-4209-8
- "Pre-Indo-European". In: Glanville Price (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Blackwell, Oxford 1998, ISBN 0-631-22039-9
- Don Rings: The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe. In: Language Log. January 6, 2009 ( PDF ).
- Wolfgang P. Schmid: Old European names of waters. In: Name research. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1995, pp. 756-762.
- Theo Vennemann: Linguistic reconstruction in the context of European prehistory. In: Transactions of the Philological Society. Volume 92, Issue 2 (November 1994), pp. 215-284.
- Lothar Willms: Classical Philology and Linguistics . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 3-8252-3857-1
- Roger D. Woodard (Ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-56256-2
Web links
- Néolithique : Hypothetical directions of migration of language families and archaeological cultures in Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages (French)
- The early linguistic history or: What was actually before "the Indo-Europeans"? ( Memento from October 12, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) In: Wolfgang Schindler: Introduction to the history of language . (PDF file; 295 kB).
- Dictionnaire basque under Lexilogos, mots et merveilles d'ici et d'ailleurs
- Michel Morvan: Dictionnaire étymologique basque en français-espagnol-anglais at projetbabel.org
Remarks
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Pre-Greek substrate .
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Paleohispanic languages
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on Pre-Celtic , the Dutch one on Pre-Celtic .
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Goidelic substrate hypothesis .
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on Substrate in Vedic Sanskrit .
- ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Harappan language .