Pre-Indo-European substrate

The pre-Indo-European substrate is a group of undetectably related languages ​​that were spoken in both Europe and Asia before the establishment of Indo-European languages and - according to various hypotheses - are said to have influenced the vocabulary or grammar of the Indo-European languages.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Etruscan language became known from epigraphic monuments. By the middle of the 20th century, written monuments in other languages ​​were discovered, including Minoan , Northern Piken , Eteocret , Eteokypr and Iberian . The only surviving pre-Indo-European language in Europe is Basque .

In addition, from the beginning of the 20th century, linguists began to study the possible substrates (i.e. the suspected remains of older languages) in the Indo-European languages. This is how the hypotheses of the pre-Germanic, pre-Greek (Pelasgic), pre-Celtic etc. substrates arose.

The Uralic languages are not counted among the pre-Indo-European languages, as they (ultimately probably from Asia) spread in Europe at about the same time as the Indo-European languages ​​or a little later.

Europe

• Aegean languages :
  • possible pre-Greek substrate (also called Pelasgic or Mediterranean substrate; see Pelasger );
  • Eteocretic (successor to the Minoan language ?);
  • Eteokyprian (successor to the Cypriot language ?).

Geographical localization of the pre-Indo-European languages.
Iberian Peninsula : Basque , Tartessian , Iberian . Apennines : Etruscan , Rhaetian , Sican , Pikean . Asia Minor : Hattic , Hurro-Urartian . Greece and Cyprus : Lemnian , Eteocret , Eteocyprian . Iran : Elamish . Indian subcontinent : Harappian , Sri Lanka: Vedda .

• Tyrsenic languages :
  • Etruscan ;
  • Lemnian ;
  • Rätisch .
• Other unclassified languages ​​of Italy:
  • North pikish ;
  • Camunian (see Camunni );
  • Paleo Sardinian (or Nuragic language; see Nuragic culture ).
  • Sicilian languages:
    • Sikanisch (see Sikanen ).
• Paleo-Hispanic Languages  :
  • Basque and Aquitaine ;
  • Iberian ;
  • Tartessian (also South Lusitan; see Tartessos );
• Possible pre-Celtic substrate languages:
  • continental pre-Celtic languages:
    • Ligurian (?; Is now more considered Indo-European);
  • pre-Celtic languages ​​of the British Isles:
    • goidelic substrate  ;
    • Pictish (?; The language of the Picts , now often viewed as Celtic).
• Germanic substrate hypothesis
• Old European hydronymy (?; According to the author of the hypothesis, Hans Krahe , but Indo-European)

Asia

• Possible substrates of the Indo-European languages ​​of Anatolia :
  • Hattisch ;
  • Hurricane-Urartian .
• Possible old Iranian substrates:
  • the language of the oasis culture (also called Oxus culture);
  • Elamish ;
  • possibly Ur burushaski .
• Possible substrates of the Vedic  :
  • the language of the oasis culture ;
  • Munda languages ;
  • harappic language  ;
  • Dravidian languages .
• Vedda , the non-Indo-European (and non- Dravidian ) language of the Sri Lankan Veddas .

See also

• Danube culture
• Ancient Europe (language research)
• Old European hydronymy
• Ancient Mediterranean language
• Vasconic hypothesis

literature

Archeology and culture

• David Anthony, Jennifer Y. Chi (Eds.): The Lost World of Old Europe. The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC. Princeton University Press, Princeton (NJ) 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-14388-0 .
• Peter I. Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree (Eds.): Ancient Europe 8000 BC - 1000 AD. An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 2004.
• Marija Gimbutas : Old Europe c. 7000-3500 BC The Earliest European Civilization Before the Infiltration of the Indo-European Peoples. In: The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1 / 1-2 (1973) pp. 1-20.
• Christopher Tilley: An Ethnography of the Neolithic. Early Prehistoric Societies in Southern Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996.

Linguistic research

• Alfred Bammesberger, Theo Vennemann (Ed.): Languages ​​in Prehistoric Europe. Carl Winter, Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-8253-1449-9 .
  • therein: Theo Vennemann : Languages ​​in Prehistoric Europe north of the Alps , pp. 319–332 ( PDF ).
• Robert SP Beekes, Stefan Norbruis (Eds.): Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon . Brill, Leiden 2014, ISBN 90-04-27938-5
• Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (Eds.): Archeology and Language I. Theoretical and Methodological Orientations . Routledge, London 1997, ISBN 0-41511-760-7
• Pavel M. Dolukhanov: Archeology and Languages ​​in Prehistoric Northern Eurasia. In: Japan Review. 2003, 15, pp. 175-186 ( PDF ).
• Marija Gimbutas : The language of the goddess. The buried symbol system of western civilization . Zweiausendeins, Frankfurt am Main 1995 (original in English, 1989), ISBN 3-86150-120-1
• John Greppin, TL Markey (Ed.): When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans. Karoma Publishers, Ann Arbor 1990, ISBN 0-89720-090-X
• Winfred P. Lehmann : Pre-Indo-European . Institute for the Study of Man, Washington, DC 2002, ISBN 0-941694-82-8
• Robert Mailhammer: Diversity vs. Uniformity. Europe before the Arrival of Indo-European Languages. In: Robert Mailhammer, Theo Vennemann, Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.): Linguistic Roots of Europe. Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen 2014, ISBN 978-87-635-4209-8
• "Pre-Indo-European". In: Glanville Price (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Languages ​​of Europe. Blackwell, Oxford 1998, ISBN 0-631-22039-9
• Don Rings: The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe. In: Language Log. January 6, 2009 ( PDF ).
• Wolfgang P. Schmid: Old European names of waters. In: Name research. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1995, pp. 756-762.
• Theo Vennemann: Linguistic reconstruction in the context of European prehistory. In: Transactions of the Philological Society. Volume 92, Issue 2 (November 1994), pp. 215-284.
• Lothar Willms: Classical Philology and Linguistics . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 3-8252-3857-1
• Roger D. Woodard (Ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-56256-2

Web links

• Néolithique : Hypothetical directions of migration of language families and archaeological cultures in Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages (French)
• The early linguistic history or: What was actually before "the Indo-Europeans"? ( Memento from October 12, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) In: Wolfgang Schindler: Introduction to the history of language . (PDF file; 295 kB).
• Dictionnaire basque under Lexilogos, mots et merveilles d'ici et d'ailleurs
• Michel Morvan: Dictionnaire étymologique basque en français-espagnol-anglais at projetbabel.org

Remarks

1. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Pre-Greek substrate .
2. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Paleohispanic languages
3. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on Pre-Celtic , the Dutch one on Pre-Celtic .
4. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Goidelic substrate hypothesis .
5. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on Substrate in Vedic Sanskrit .
6. ↑ The English Wikipedia has an article on the Harappan language .