Wanstead House
Wanstead House was a mansion in Wanstead , now part of the London Borough of Redbridge . The area historically belonged to the English county of Essex , but is now part of the English capital London .
The Palladian style house was designed by Colen Campbell on behalf of Richard Child, 1st Earl of Tylney . The order was placed in 1715; In 1722 the house was completed.
estate
The area was already in Roman times, from around the 5th century BC. Settled, as proven by excavations in 1985. The name "Wanstead" is believed to be of Anglo-Saxon origin. Wen was the name of a hill, while Stead was the name of a place. It is said that Abbot Ælfric transferred the manor of Wanstead to the monks of Westminster Abbey , but this is not well documented.
The Domesday Book of 1086 states that the manor of Wanstead was held by a Ralph, son of Brian, for the Bishop of London . Wanstead was then densely forested and part of the Forest of Essex .
A mansion called Wanstead Hall was arguably a small building until the 14th century, but by 1499 it was large enough to serve as the king's hunting lodge. Henry VII bought it and it became one of his favorite castles. Heinrich had developed a sense of seclusion towards the end of his reign and therefore acquired Wanstead Hall as a Maison de Retraite near Greewich Palace for a considerable price. He valued the property primarily because of its park, which offered him much-needed retreat space. The king also received payments from extra-parliamentary taxes and fines there, which he did not want to collect in front of the magnates of the formal royal palaces. During the last years of Henry VII's reign, the young Prince Henry (later Henry VIII ) lived in Wanstead Hall in forced proximity to his father. Both kings hunted in the forests of Wanstead, but it was not until the reign of Henry VIII, shortly before 1512, that the park was fenced in, for which part of the forest was cleared. Around this time, the Aldersbrook manor was separated from Wanstead and became its own manor . Wanstead remained a royal manor for several years. Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich , was royal governor in Wanstead in 1543 and granted him by King Edward VI in 1549 . ownership of the mansion and park. In 1577 Richard Rich's son sold the property to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester . This also bought the manor of Stonhall in Ilford . The two properties were then resold together several times.
In 1619 the property belonged to Henry Mildmay , who had forfeited it to the Crown, as he had fought alongside the parliamentarians in the English Civil War . King Charles II gave it to his brother as a fief, but Jacob, Duke of York , gave it back to you in 1662, Robert Brooke , Mildmay's son-in-law. In 1673/1674 Josiah Child (from 1678 Baronet Child of Wanstead), governor of the East India Company , bought the manor. He spent a great deal of time and money building the property in the style of the time. This also included a number of ponds that still exist today with few changes. Child died in 1699 and his son - also Josiah Child - followed him. He leased Wanstead and Stonhall to his half-brother Richard . After the death of Sir Josiah Child II, Richard Child became 3rd Baronet and inherited title and estate.
Construction of the Palladian mansion
In 1715 Sir Richard Child commissioned Scottish architect Colen Campbell to design a large mansion in the then modern Palladian style to replace the previous mansion. It should be contemporary townhouses, such as B. the Blenheim Palace , be equal. The completed house covered an area of 79 m × 21 m; the facade had a portico with six Corinthian columns, the first of its kind in England. A landscape garden was designed by George London , one of the leading landscape architects of the time, with formal avenues of trees. Child was made the first Viscount Castlemaine in 1718 ; the house was completed in 1722.
Child's wife, Dorothy Glynne , was related to the Tylney family on her mother's side . At the death of their cousin Ann Tylney in 1730, Dorothy and her husband inherited the family's estates in Hampshire . Lord Castlemain was made the first Earl of Tylney in 1731 , and in 1734 was given royal approval to pass that title on to his heirs.
After the Earl's death in 1750, he was followed by his 38-year-old son John , who had the plantings commissioned by his father continue, albeit in the then modern, informal style. The 2nd Earl of Tylney had no male offspring and so on his death in 1784 his lands fell to the eldest son of his sister Emma, Sir James Long . This was the owner of the extensive estates of the Longs, the Tylneys and the Childs and therefore registered the family name Tylney-Long for himself and his descendants . In 1794, James Tylney-Long, the 7th Baronet, also died, and his possessions fell to his 1 year old son. This, also a James Tylney-Long , died in 1805 at the age of only 11 years. The family's estates then passed to the eldest of his three sisters, Catherine Tylney-Long , who became England's richest heiress.
Appearance of William Pole-Wellesley
In 1812 Catherine decided to accept the marriage proposal of William Wellesley-Pole , a nephew of two famous uncles, Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington , and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . Unfortunately, he later turned out to be a notorious fraud. The Wellesleys played no part in arranging this marriage. Shortly after the marriage, Catherine's husband had his family name changed to Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley under royal license . In 1813 he began to run up debts at the expense of his new family by commissioning the landscape architect Humphry Repton with the further planting of the park, some of the informal grounds of which are still preserved today.
Demolition of the Palladine mansion
Wellesley was a Member of Parliament from 1812 to 1820, but was best known for his dissolute life and extravagance. When he married, the lands were transferred to a foundation from which Catherine would receive a lifelong annual tapping of £ 11,000. The rest was available to Wellesley to cover his living expenses. This remainder should go to the sons that emerged from this marriage.
In order to secure a debt of £ 250,000 he managed to mortgage this foundation, which owned Wanstead House and its contents, to his creditors. In 1822 he obtained the office of usher (doorkeeper) from King George IV (himself he was experienced in wasting and in avoiding his creditors), which saved him from being thrown into the debtor's office. Later he escaped from his creditors abroad.
In June 1822, the trustees of the Kraft der Macht foundation, and with the couple's express permission, had the contents of the house auctioned off. The auction lasted 32 days and served to pay off the easements of the estate and thus protect the son's future inheritance.
In 1825, when no tenant was found for Wanstead House, the trustees had it demolished under the same rights and used the proceeds from the sale of the building materials thus obtained in the same way. According to the terms of Sir James Tylney-Long's will, Wanstead House was inextricably linked to the park, which could not be sold for 1000 years. Therefore the house was sold for demolition. It only sold for £ 10,000, whereas 103 years earlier it was known to have cost around £ 360,000 to build the house.
Catherine, abandoned by her husband for another woman in 1823, died of an intestinal disease in 1825, shortly after the house was demolished, no doubt as a broken woman.
Conversion into a city park
A lifetime right to use Catherine's remaining land with a total area of 5.7 km² in the area of Wanstead and the adjacent parishes of Woodford, Leyton, Little Ilford and Barking remained in the hands of her widower until 1840. Prior to 1828, Wellesley had cut down large numbers of trees on the property in search of salable assets and destroyed so many of the avenues, vistas and clusters of trees that had previously been so carefully planted for such a large sum of money for Sir Josiah Child and the Earls of Tylney had been. He had awarded another 2,000 trees for felling when his son obtained a court prohibition against him in 1828 from doing so, as this would destroy the value of the property, his future inheritance. Wellesley challenged this ban, but it was upheld in 1834. Wellesley continued his parliamentary career in the years 1830-1832 and inherited his father's title as 4th Earl of Mornington in 1845. He died in 1857 in poor housing.
The remainder of the estate was inherited by his son William , who was protected from his father's access to the maternal inheritance through the intervention of the Duke of Wellington. He left the estate in trust to his father's cousin, Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl of Cowley .
In 1880 the Earl sold 0.74 km² of Wanstead Park to the City of London Corporation for protection and conservation as part of the Epping Forest . The resulting Wanstead City Park was officially opened in 1882. The Earl's family then sold additional land to Wanstead Sports Grounds Ltd in 1920 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Daniel Lysons: Environs of London . Volume 4: Wanstead . 1796. pp. 231-244.
- ↑ David Starkey: Henry: Virtuous Prince . London 2008. p. 195.
- ↑ David Starkey: Henry: Virtuous Prince . London 2008. p. 239.
- ↑ David Starkey: Henry: Virtuous Prince . London 2008. p. 247.
- ↑ David Starkey: Henry: Virtuous Prince . London 2008. p. 329.
- ^ Lost and Hidden Villas . RIBA.
- ^ Victoria County History, Hampshire . Volume 4, pp. 99-101: Tylney in Rotherwick parish .
- ^ The Rise and Fall of Wanstead House In Essex . Wansteadpark.org.uk. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
- ^ A b Nicholas Simons: Reports of Cases Decided in the High Court of Chancery . Volume 6. London, 1836. pp. 497-503: Wellesley v. Wellesley, 1834 . There the son obtained a judicial ban on the father from having further trees cut down in the park. The background to this judicial prohibition was presented in detail.
Web links
Coordinates: 51 ° 34 ′ 3.4 " N , 0 ° 2 ′ 25.1" E