Jahriyya
Jahriyya or Jahria is a Naqschbandi - Tariqa ( Sufi order ) of Islam that is mainly widespread in Ningxia , Gansu and Yunnan . It is one of the four great menhuan (Sufi schools) in China. It spread over Central Asia in the 16th century in the areas of Yarkant (Shache) and Kashgar (Kashi) in Xinjiang and was introduced in 1744 by Ma Mingxin (1719–1781) in Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai .
The name comes from an Arabic word relating to the practice of vocal or loud recitation of dhikr (remembrance of God) . This happens in contrast to the typical Naqschbandi practice of the Khufiyya , where this happens in silence. The Jahriyya school is therefore also referred to in Chinese as the "sound recitation school" (gaosheng pai 高声 派) or "sound reading school" (gaonian pai 高 念 派), another name for it is "new teaching / New Religion "(Xinjiao 新教).
She pays no attention to the pilgrimage to Mecca , but has the gongbei拱北 - d. H. the domed roof structures (Arabic qubbah ) erected over the graves of their sheikhs , wise men or leaders - as centers of faith or pilgrimage . It follows the Hanefite rite. The ordeal has high priority; Great emphasis is placed on the "own belief system" (daocheng 道 乘), "which gradually leads to depersonalization and to a mystical union with God" (Hu Fan).
The school was particularly active in the late 18th and 19th centuries in Gansu Province (also Qinghai and Ningxia ), where its followers were in a number of conflicts with other Muslim groups and led them into several rebellions against the Qing ruling class in China. Dynasty was involved.
Ma Mingxin had studied in Mecca and Yemen under a Naqshbandi - Sufi teacher named 'Abd al-Chāliq (known to Chinese Muslims as "Abu Duha Halik"), the son of az-Zayn b. Muhammad 'Abd al-Baqī al-Mizjaji (1643 / 44-1725), who came from Mizjaja near Zabīd in Yemen. Az-Zayn, in turn, had studied in Medina under the famous Kurdish mystic Ibrahīm ibn Hasan al-Kūrānī (1616–1690), who was known for the vocal invocation (instead of the silent) dhikr .
It has different sub-schools: Nanchuan 南川, Beishan 北山, Shagou 沙沟, Banqiao 板桥 and Xindianzi 新店 子.
literature
- Hu Fan: Islam in Shaanxi: Past and Present . Diss. Bonn 2008
- Dru C. Gladney: Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic . Harvard University Asia Center 1996 (Harvard East Asian monographs 149); ISBN 9780674594975
- Louis M. Schram: The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier. (PDF; 6.6 MB) part 2, in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 47, Philadelphia 1957. (“New Religion”)
reference books
- Cihai ("Sea of Words"), Shanghai cishu chubanshe, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-5326-0839-5
Web links
References and comments
- ↑ The four great menhuan (chin. Sida menhuan 四 大门 宦) are Khufiyya , Qadiriyya , Jahriyya and Kubrawiyya .
- ↑ See main article Tariqa .
- ↑ Hu Fan, p. 114.
- ↑ Gladney, p. 48 ff. (After Joseph Fletcher ).