Yale Romanization of Cantonese
The Yale Romanization of Cantonese ( Chinese 耶魯 粵語 拼音 / 耶鲁 粤语 拼音 , Pinyin Yēlǔ Yuèyǔ Pīnyīn , Jyutping Je 4 lou 5 Jyut 6 jyu 5 Ping 1 * 3 jam 1 , Yale Yèh-lóuh Yuhtyúh Pengyam ) was developed by Gerard P. Kok for his teaching series Speak Cantonese , created together with Parker Po-fei Huang ( 黃伯飛 / 黄伯飞 , Huáng Bófēi ), developed as an unbound form in 1952 and published as a textbook in 1958. Unlike other romanizations from Yale , it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for English-speaking foreign learners. Students studying Cantonese at the University of Hong Kong , the University of Tokyo , Yale University, and the University of British Columbia are taught to use Yale Romanization.
Initial sounds
| b [p] 巴 |
p [pʰ] 怕 |
m [m] 媽 |
f [f] 花 |
|
| d [t] 打 |
t [tʰ] 他 |
n [n] 那 |
l [l] 啦 |
|
| g [k] 家 |
k [kʰ] 卡 |
ng [ŋ] 牙 |
h [h] 蝦 |
|
| gw [kʷ] 瓜 |
kw [kʷʰ] 誇 |
w [w] 蛙 |
||
| j [ts] 渣 |
ch [tsʰ] 叉 |
s [s] 沙 |
y [j] 也 |
Finals
| a [aː] 沙 |
aai [aːi̯] 晒 |
aau [aːu̯] 筲 |
aam [aːm] 三 |
aan [aːn] 山 |
aang [aːŋ] 省 |
aap [aːp] 圾 |
aat [aːt] 殺 |
aak [aːk] 客 |
| ai [ɐi̯] 西 |
au [ɐu̯] 收 |
on [ɐm] 心 |
to [ɐn] 新 |
ang [ɐŋ] 生 |
ap [ɐp] 十 |
at [ɐt] 失 |
ak [ɐk] 塞 |
|
| e [ɛː] 些 |
ei [ei̯] 四 |
narrow [ɛːŋ] 聲 |
ek [ɛːk] 石 |
|||||
| i [iː] 司 |
iu [iːu̯] 消 |
im [iːm] 閃 |
in [iːn] 先 |
ing [eŋ] 星 |
ip [iːp] 攝 |
it [iːt] 舌 |
ik [ek] 色 |
|
| o [ɔː] 蔬 |
oi [ɔːy̯] 鰓 |
ou [ou̯] 酥 |
on [ɔːn] 看 |
ong [ɔːŋ] 康 |
ot [ɔːt] 割 |
ok [ɔːk] 各 |
||
| u [uː] 夫 |
ui [uːy̯] 灰 |
un [uːn] 寬 |
ung [oŋ] 風 |
ut [uːt] 闊 |
uk [ok] 福 |
|||
| eu [œː] 靴 |
eui [ɵy̯] 去 |
eun [ɵn] 信 |
eung [œːŋ] 上 |
eut [ɵt] 摔 |
euk [œːk] 削 |
|||
| yu [yː] 書 |
yun [yːn] 孫 |
yut [yːt] 雪 |
||||||
| m [m̩] 唔 |
ng [ŋ̩] 吳 |
Sounds
Modern Cantonese has six phonetic tones. Yale Romanization of Cantonese can represent these tones with the help of tone numbers according to Chao , tone contour symbols or diacritical tone symbols according to IPA with the letter "h".
| number | Standard 1 | Alternatively 2 | Course 3 | IPA contour 4 | description | Example 5 | definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | sī | si 1 | 55 | ˥˥ [˥] | high-constant A | 詩 | poetry |
| sì | si 1 | 52 | ˥˨ | high (slightly) falling B | 詩 | poetry | |
| 2 | sí | si 2 | 25th | ˨˥ | middle-rising | 史 | history |
| 3 | si | si 3 | 33 | ˧˧ [˧] | center-constant | 試 | test |
| 4th | sìh | si 4 | 21st | ˨˩ | deep-falling | 時 | time |
| 5 | síh | si 5 | 23 | ˨˧ | low-rising | 市 | Market / city |
| 6th | sih | si 6 | 22nd | ˨˨ [˨] | deeply constant | 視 | Vision / sight |
Examples
| Long characters | Abbreviation | Standard 1 | Alternatively 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 廣州 話 | 广州 话 | Gwóngjāu wá | Gwong 2 Jau 1 wa 2 |
| 粵語 | 粤语 | Yuhtyúh | Yut 6 yu 5 |
| 你好 | 你好 | Néih hóu | No 5 hou 2 |
Example transcription of the poem Erwachen im Frühling ( 春曉 ) by Meng Haoran , one of the Three Hundred Tang poems - for the transcription into standard Chinese and translation into German see Meng Haoran's # work :
| 春曉 | Chēun Híu |
|---|---|
| 春眠不覺曉 ， | Chēun mìhn bāt gok híu, |
| 處處 聞 啼鳥。 | chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh. |
| 夜來 風雨聲 ， | yeh lòih fūng yúh sīng, |
| 花落 知多少？ | fā lohk jī dō síu? |
- annotation
z. B. 55 - high entry tone constant pitch,
25 - medium entry tone rising pitch,
33 - middle entry tone constant pitch.
literature
- MATTHEWS, Stephen & YIP, Virginia: Cantonese. A Comprehensive Grammar . Routledge , 1994, ISBN 0-415-08945-X (English).
- GWAAN, Choi-wa - 關 彩 華: English-Cantonese Dictionary: Cantonese in Yale Romanization (2nd edition) - 英 粤 字典 . 2nd Edition. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong 2000, ISBN 962-201-970-6 (Chinese, English).
- NG LAM, Sim-yuk & CHIK, Hon-man: Chinese-English Dictionary: Cantonese in Yale Romanization, Mandarin in Pinyin - 漢英 小 字典 . The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong 2000, ISBN 962-201-922-6 (Chinese, English).
See also
Web links
- Transcription tables of various transcription systems - Cantonese Pinyin ( 教 院 式 ), Yale ( 耶魯 / 耶鲁 ), Jyutping ( 粵 拼 / 粤 拼 ) and Sydney Lau ( 劉錫祥 / 刘锡祥 ) (Chinese, English)
- Chinese-English character dictionary with Yale Jyutping support (English)
- Cantonese Phonetic IME - Freeware (Chinese, English, Japanese, Cantonese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ HUANG, Parker Po-fei: Cantonese Sounds and Tones . Far Eastern Publications, Yale University , New Haven, CT 1965, pp. Foreword (English).
- ^ The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language , p. 40
- ↑ Guest Author: Why Cantonese isn't as hard as you think: following the journey of two learners - ... 2. Learn the romanization of Cantonese first, do not learn by ear. In: www.fluentin3months.com. Retrieved October 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Cantonese (廣東話 / 粵語) Cantonese (gwóngdùngwá / yuhtyúh). In: www.omniglot.com. Retrieved October 13, 2019 .
-
↑ Teaching materials from the University of British Columbia:
- Cantonese Comprehensive Grammar: Cantonese Comprehensive Grammar . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- Intermediate Cantonese: Grammar & Workbook: Intermediate Cantonese: Grammar & Workbook . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- Basic Cantonese: Basic Cantonese . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
-
↑ Teaching material from Tokyo University:
- Cantonese 「Basic Conversation」: Beginner Cantonese Teaching Material: 粵語 基礎 會話 ： 広 東 語 初級 教材 . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- Cantonese 「Basic Vocabulary」 ： Beginner Cantonese Teaching Material: 粵語 基礎 詞彙 ： 広 東 語 初級 教材 . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- Cantonese 「Basic Grammar」 ： Beginner Cantonese Teaching Material: 粵語 基礎 文法 ： 広 東 語 初級 教材 . Retrieved November 5, 2016.