List of transcription systems for the Chinese languages

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The List of Transcription Systems for the Chinese Languages provides an overview of the transcription systems designed for the Chinese languages .

For the representation of the Chinese script with Latin or other letters or characters, systems were developed in different countries at different times, with which they transcribed the Chinese languages in a sound environment they are familiar with. Almost every one of the different national systems has advantages, which are, however, often easily overlooked by speakers of other languages, since they only follow the phonetic rules of the inventor's language.

Nowadays, the Pinyin system has almost superseded the previously common systems, especially Wade-Giles , in international use.

Overview

The following table gives an overview of the most important transcriptions. Unless otherwise noted, these are transcriptions for standard Chinese (“Standard Chinese ”).

Transcription alphabet Developed by Remarks
really important:
Hanyu Pinyin
(short: Pinyin)		 Latin Zhou Youguang et al official transcription of the PRC , Republic of China (Taiwan) and ISO standard
Wade-Giles
(short: WG)		 Latin Thomas Wade , Herbert A. Giles was the quasi-standard in the Anglo-Saxon environment and worldwide in the scientific field
Zhuyin Fuhao
(short: Bopomofo / MPS I)		 Zhuyin Commission to unify the debate also called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I (MPS I) ; also suitable for Min Nan , Hakka and other languages; still used in Taiwan today
for special fonts:
Korean transliteration Korean National Institute of the Korean Language official transcription of Chinese in South Korea
Mongolian transcription Mongolian
Palladian system Cyrillic Palladius also called the Vasil'ev system ; official legend in Russia
Czech transcription Latin Oldřich Švarný with Czech diacritical marks, developed 1951; is also used in Slovak texts
Xiao'erjing Arabic was in use with Muslim minorities
formerly officially in the cultural area of ​​China :
Gwoyeu Romatzyh Latin Zhao Yuanren et al Tones are represented by varying the letters; from 1928 to the 1950s it was an official romanization in China, but was rarely used
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
(short: MPS II)		 Latin was the official romanization in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 1986 to 2002
Tongyong Pinyin Latin Yu Bor-chuan was the official romanization in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2002 to 2008
Transcription system of the Chin. Post
(short: Post)		 Latin from 1906 until well into the 20th century standard transcription for place names
out of use:
Couvreur system Latin Séraphin Couvreur used in the important "Dictionnaire classique de la langue chinoise" (1890)
EFEO transcription
(Vissière system)		 Latin Arnold Vissière simplified version of the transcription of Couvreur, 1902 of the Ecole française d_Extreme-Orient published
Franke system Latin Otto Franke used in history of the Chinese Empire among others
Karlgren system Latin Bernhard Karlgren
Latinxua Sin Wenz Latin Chinese and Russian exiles Forerunner of Hanyu Pinyin
Legge system Latin James Legge used for the Sacred Books of the East , for example in the Sacred Books of China
Lessing-Othmer system Latin Ferdinand Lessing , Wilhelm Othmer also referred to as the Wilhelm-Lessing system ; In 1911 raised to the standard in the German lease area
Needham system Latin Joseph Needham modified Wade-Giles system used in Science and Civilization in China
Rod system Latin Hans Otto Heinrich Stange used in: Rüdenberg: Chinese-German dictionary
Unger system Latin Ulrich Unger partly takes into account the Central Chinese pronunciation
Wieger system Latin Léon Wieger out of use
Yale system
(Yale Mandarin)		 Latin George Kennedy Developed in 1943, used until the 1970s
for other Chinese languages ​​/ dialects:
Barnett Chao System Latin Zhao Yuanren , KMA Barnett for Cantonese , based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh, also called SOAS system
Cantonese Pinyin Latin Father Yu, Ping Chiu (1971) ;
Zhan, Bohui - HKU & Education Bureau of Hong Kong (improved) 		for Cantonese, only officially recognized by the HKEAA (Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority) or EDB (Education Bureau); System commonly taught in Hong Kong schools and used by the Examination Board
Chao system (Cantonese) Latin Zhao Yuanren for Cantonese, based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh, used a. a. in the textbook Cantonese Primer (1947)
Guangdong Romanization Latin Guangdong Provincial Education Department (1960) for use by various regions in Guangdong , i.e. Cantonese, Teochew , Hakka and the Hainan dialect
Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanization (unofficial name) Latin Hong Kong Government for Cantonese, used exclusively for the official transcription of personal names and toponyms in Hong Kong
Jyutping Latin Linguistic Society of Hong Kong for Cantonese, is widely used in addition to the Yale Romanization for Cantonese , especially through the CUHK and HKU
Macau Government Cantonese Romanization (unofficial name) Latin Macau Government for Cantonese, used exclusively for the official transcription of personal names and toponyms in Macau
Meyer-Wempe Latin Missionaries in Hong Kong for Cantonese
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
(short: POJ)		 Latin Missionaries in Taiwan for Min Nan
Sidney Lau System
(short: SL)		 Latin Sidney Lau Sek-cheung for Cantonese
SL Wong system
(short: SL Wong)		 Latin Wong Shik-Ling for Cantonese
Standard Romanization (Cantonese) Latin Missionaries in South China (ca.1888) for Cantonese, used in particular by the British and Foreign Bible Society , China Baptist Publication Society , Pakhoi Mission Press
Yale system
(Yale Cantonese)		 Latin Parker Po-fei Huang, Gerard P. Kok- Yale for Cantonese, used especially by English-speaking foreign students or at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), University of British Columbia , University of Tokyo and Yale University
for special purposes:
chinese braille Braille Braille based on Zhuyin Fuhao
IPA phonetic transcription IPA phonetic transcription IPA no orthographically defined system; different styles are used for different purposes, e.g. B. "wide" ( phonemic ) vs. "Tight" ( allophonic ) transcriptions
annotation

The Dungan language is written with Cyrillic letters - as an official script, not as a transcription of the same.

literature

  • Ireneus László Legeza : Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect. Leiden: Brill, 2 volumes, 1968–1969.
    • Volume 1: Conversion tables of the currently used international and European systems with comparative tables of initials and finals.
    • Volume 2: Conversion tables of the outdated international and European individual systems with comparative tables of initials and finals.
  • Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language. An introduction to self-study (VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie , Leipzig 1975).

Web links