Palladius transcription

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The Palladius transcription is a system of transcription in Cyrillic for the Chinese language .

It was created by the archimandrite and sinologist Palladius ( Pyotr Ivanovich Kafarow ) based on preliminary work by NJ Bitschurin (Hyacinth) and Vasily Pavlovich Wassiljew , and with his Китайско-русский словарь ( Popowel88 ), popularized by the Chinese-Russian dictionary , appeared in 1888 . The Palladius transcription is the common Russian translation of Chinese to this day.

Ireneus László Legeza describes the system according to Wassili Pawlowitsch Wassiljew as the "Vasil'ev system" (1969: 10).

Sound-letter assignment, Cyrillic

Compared to Hanyu Pinyin, there are the following sound-letter assignments:

Initial sounds

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Alveolopala Valley Velar
Unvoiced Voiced Unvoiced Unvoiced Voiced Unvoiced Voiced Unvoiced Unvoiced
nasal м [m]ㄇ m н [n]ㄋ n
Plosive Not aspirated б [p]ㄅ b д [t]ㄉ d г [k]ㄍ g
Aspirated п [pʰ]ㄆ p т [tʰ]ㄊ t к [kʰ]ㄎ k
Affrict Not aspirated цз [ts]ㄗ z чж [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh цз [tɕ] ㄐ j
Aspirated ц [tsʰ]ㄘ c ч [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch ц [tɕʰ] ㄑ q
Fricative ф [f]ㄈ f с [s]ㄙ s ш [ʂ]ㄕ sh ж [ʐ]ㄖ r с [ɕ]ㄒ x х [x]ㄏ h
Lateral л [l]l ㄌ l
  • b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h → б, п, м, ф, д, т, н, л, г, к, х
  • j, q, x → цз, ц, с
  • z, c, s → цз, ц, с
  • zh, ch, sh, r → чж, ч, ш, ж

цз, ц, с are assigned twice; But there is no danger of confusion, since j, q, x can only be followed by the vowel letters я, е, и, ю and z, c, s only by the vowel letters а, э, ы, о, у.

Finals

  • Main vowel a, e, o → а, э, о
    • -ia / ya, -ie / ye, yo → я, е, ё
  • Vowel ü / yu → ю (e.g. nüe → нюэ, yuan → юань)
    • as final sound and individually: -ü / yu → юй (e.g. nü → нюй, yu → юй)
    • in Pinyin, after j, q, x the points on the ü are omitted. In these cases, too, there is ю (й).
  • Main vowel u / wu → у (e.g. zhu → чжу, wu → у)
    • -ong → ун
    • -iong / yong → юн
  • Gliding sound w / u :
    • at the beginning of the syllable: w → в (e.g. wang → ван, where → во)
    • after consonant: -u → у (e.g. huan → хуань)
    • -uo → о (e.g. huo → хо)
  • Final sound -u / -o : -ao / ao, -iao / yao, -ou / ou, -iu / you → ао, яо, оу, ю
  • Main vowel i / yi → и (e.g. ying → ин)
  • Glide -i / y (s. O.): -Ia / ya, -ie / ye, yo, iu / you → я, е, ё, ю
    • -iong / yong → юн
  • Final sound -i → й (e.g. dui → дуй, kuai → куай)
    • Special case: hui → хуэй (inserted э, since хуй is an obscene word for penis in Russian and in some other Slavic languages )
  • -i in ri, shi, chi, zhi → и
  • -i in zi, ci, si → ы
  • Final sound -n , -ng → нь, н
  • he → эр

Identification of the syllable fugue

In the case of polysyllabic words, the syllable joint is specially marked in some cases:

  • The final sound ng is written as нъ if the following syllable begins with a vowel ( Chang'an → Чанъань, Hengyang → Хэнъян).
  • If two syllables could be read as one, they are separated with an apostrophe. This can be if a syllable ends in у and the following one begins with а or if a syllable ends in ю and the following one begins with а or э (ту'ань = tu'an ; туань = tuan ; цзю'ань = jiu ' an , цзюань = juan ; ню'э = niu'e , нюэ = nüe ).

Ukrainian variant

There is a variant adapted to the Ukrainian script , which differs as follows:

  • е → є
  • э → е
  • г → ґ
  • и → і
    • in жи, чжи, чи, ши (ri, zhi, chi, shi) it stays with и
    • instead of і at the beginning of the syllable there is a ї ( yi, yin, ying → ї, їнь, їн).
  • ы → и

Belarusian variant

The Belarusian variant is the same as the Russian one with the exception of two special features:

  • и → і
    • in ri, zhi, chi, shi there is ы (жы, чжы, чы, шы).

See also

literature

  • Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language . An introduction to self-study (Leipzig, Enzyklopädie 1975).
  • Ireneus László Legeza: Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect. Leiden: Brill, 2 volumes, 1968–1969
    • Volume 1: Conversion tables of the currently used international and European systems with comparative tables of initials and finals. (1968)
    • Volume 2: Conversion tables of the outdated international and European individual systems with comparative tables of initials and finals. (1969)
  • VP Vasil'ev: Grafičeskaja sistema kitajskich ieroglifov. Opyt pervogo kitajsko-russkogo slovarja. Графическая система китайских иероглифов. Опыт первого китайско-русского словаря (The graphic system of Chinese characters. An attempt at the first Chinese-Russian dictionary; St. Petersburg, 1867).

Web links