Latinxua Sin Wenz

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Latinxua Sin Wenz ( Chinese  拉丁 化 新 文字 , Pinyin Lādīnghuà Xīn Wénzì  - literally Latinized New Script) is a Latin script for Chinese that was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and partially also until the early 1950s was used in China . The currently official transliteration Hànyǔ Pīnyīn is based on Sin Wenz.

history

In the 1920s, there were around 100,000 Chinese in the Far East of the Soviet Union. In 1929/1930 Qū Qiūbái , Wsewolod S. Kolokolow and Alexander A. Dragunow jointly developed a Latin script for Chinese in Moscow in order to literate the Chinese in the Soviet Union, most of whom were illiterate until then . The draft was published in 1930 under the title Zhonguo Latinhuadi zemu / Китайская латинизированная азбука . Qū Qiūbái returned to China in 1931. Kolokolow and Dragunow as well as Wú Yùzhāng , Wassili M. Alexejew , Alexander G. Schprinzin , IG Lajchter, Naum I. Lyubin and others continued his work on the Latin script at the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Leningrad . The draft of this group was presented to the First Conference of Delegates for a New Chinese Script, which met from September 26th to 29th, 1931 with more than two thousand participants in Vladivostok and was accepted by it. He was given the name Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz , or Sin Wenz for short . The script was designed for speakers of northern Chinese dialects and was therefore also called Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz . As a result, similar alphabets were developed for other Chinese dialects .

Sin Wenz spread quickly and numerous books in the Soviet Union were published in this script. In Khabarovsk , a weekly magazine was published in Sin Wenz. From 1929 Sin Wenz also spread in China and was there a. a. supported by Lǔ Xùn , Cài Yuánpéi , Guō Mòruò , Máo Dùn and Bā Jīn . The Guómíndǎng regime banned Sin Wenz. In the areas controlled by the Chinese Communist Party , Sin Wenz was promoted and z. T. used for telegraphy . In 1940 in Yán'ān with the support of Máo Zédōng , Dǒng Bìwǔ , Dīng Líng , Zhū ​​Dé , Wáng Míng u. a. founded a Sin Wenz study society. On December 25, 1940, the communist government issued the following decree:

  1. From January 1, 1941, Sin Wenz will have the same legal status as the Chinese characters. All official documents, business books, and other documents written in Sin Wenz will be as valid as those written in Chinese characters.
  2. Beginning January 1, 1941, all government pronouncements and laws are published in both characters and Sin Wenz.
  3. As of January 1, 1941, all documents in Sin Wenz that are sent to the government of the border area will be valid.

In February 1956, the Chinese Writing Reform Committee published a "Draft Project for a Chinese Phonetic Spelling " - 《漢語拼音 方案 （草案）》 , which was based heavily on Sin Wenz. In August 1956, the committee issued two proposals, from which the now known legend Hànyǔ Pīnyīn emerged, which was decided in early 1958.

construction

Sin Wenz is simple and easy to learn, uses no diacritical marks, and is written without tonal labels .

Initial sounds

IPA : tsʰ tʂʰ t f k tɕ kʰ tɕʰ l m n pʰ ʐ s ʂ tʰ w x ɕ ts tʂ
Sin Wenz: c ch d f G G k l m n p rh s sh t w x z zh
Pīnyīn equivalents: c / q * j k q r s / x * H x z / j *

The pronunciation standard on which Sin Wenz is based distinguishes between palatal and alveolar initials, as is the case in the prestigious dialect of Nánjīng, but among other things. a. also in the dialects of Shíjiāzhuāng, Qīngdǎo and Zhèngzhōu. Today's standard pronunciation - and thus the official Pīnyīn transcription - is based on the Beijing dialect. Therefore there is no one-to-one correspondence between Sin Wenz and Pīnyīn (see section "Special features"). The three consonant pairs (g, z), (k, c) and (x, s) that coincide in today's standard Chinese before the i and ü sound are affected:

Character: 幾 積 氣 七 希 西
Pronunciation (IPA): tɕi tsi tɕʰi tsʰi ɕi si
Sin Wenz: gi zi ki ci xi si
Debate in Beijing (IPA): tɕi tɕʰi ɕi
Pīnyīn: ji qi xi

Finals

IPA: a ai̯ on ɑŋ ɑu̯ ɤ egg ən ʌŋ i Yes jn jɑŋ jɑu̯ jɛ in in jou̯ O ou̯ u wa wai̯ wan wɑŋ white U.N ʊŋ Where y ɥɛn ɥɛ ɥo yn yŋ / ɥʊŋ
Sin Wenz: a ai on nec ao e egg en closely i ia ian yang iao ie in ing iu O ou u among others uai uan uang ui U.N ung uo y yan ye yo yn yng
Pīnyīn: ong ü / u üan üe / ue ün / un iong

Syllables that end in the »apical« vowels [ z̩ ] or [ ʐ̩ ] are written without special final letters:

IPA: tsz̩ tsʰz̩ sz̩ tʂʐ̩ tʂʰʐ̩ ʂʐ̩ ʐʐ̩
Sin Wenz: z c s zh ch sh rh
Pīnyīn: zi ci si zhi chi shi ri

particularities

Sin Wenz differentiates before [ y ] (or [ ɥ ]) and before [ i ] (or [ j ]) between alveolar and palatal initials in the dialect of Peking (and thus in the Pīnyīn romanization, which is based on this ) have collapsed.

Initials plus endings with -y-:

Character: 局 聚 去 取 捐 鎸 勸 全 決 絕 覺 嚼 缺 確 雀 軍 俊
Sin Wenz: gy zy ky cy gyan cyan kyan cyan gye zye gyo zyo kye kyo cyo gyn cynical
Pīnyīn: ju qu Juan quan jue que jun

Initials plus endings with -i-:

Character: 幾 積 氣 七 希 西 家 恰 見 漸 牽 千 現 先 江 將 腔 槍 鄉 想 教 勦 巧 瞧 曉 小 階 節 切 且 鞋 些 斤 進 琴 親 欣 新 京 精 輕 青 行 星 久 就 求 秋 休 修
Sin Wenz: gi zi ki ci xi si gia kia gian zian kian cian xian sian giang ziang kiang ciang xiang siang giao ziao kiao ciao xiao siao gie ze kie cie xie she gin interest kin cin xin sin went zing king cing xing sing giu ziu kiu ciu xiu siu
Pīnyīn: ji qi xi jia qia jian qian xian jiang qiang xiang jiao qiao xiao jie qie xie jin qin xin jing qing xing jiu qiu xiu

In polysyllabic words, if a syllable that is not at the beginning of the word starts with i or y , a j is inserted:

Character: 烏鴉 主要 的 半夜 裏 香油 山羊 沒有 注意 原因 電影 關於 請願 四月 命運 丸藥
Sin Wenz: u y a zhu j aodi ban j eli xiang j u shan j ang mei j ou zhu j i yan j in dian j ing guan j y cing j yan s j ye ming j yn wan j yo
Pīnyīn: wūyā zhǔyào de bànyè lǐ xiāngyóu shānyáng méiyǒu zhùyì yuányīn diànyǐng guānyú qǐngyuàn sì yuè mìngyùn wányào

If the first syllable ends on a vowel, the following syllable is written unchanged with y :

  • duiy對於, weiyan委員

In polysyllabic words, if a syllable that is not at the beginning of the word starts with u, a w is inserted:

  • duiwu隊伍, iwu義務, xiawu下午, fangwu房屋

In polysyllabic words, if a syllable that is not at the beginning of a word begins with a, e or o, an apostrophe is inserted:

  • ping'an平安 vs. pingan拼 乾
  • pi'ao皮襖 vs. piao票
  • Su'o蘇俄 vs. suo索

Different spellings are used for some easily confused words:

  • yanz院子 vs. yaanz園子
  • liz栗子 vs. liiz李子
  • nungfu農夫 vs. nungfuu農婦
  • nar那兒 vs. naar那兒
  • ta他 vs. taa她
  • may賣 vs. maai買
  • Shansi山西 vs. Shaansi陝西
  • zai在 vs. zaai再
  • daa打 vs. there大
  • iou有 vs. iu又

example

Text excerpt from Sin Wenz Rhumen 《新 文字 入門》 - Introduction to Sin Wenz .

Sin Wenz Chinese characters Pīnyīn
Meiguo Shjedi Gungrhen 美國 失業 的 工人 Měiguó shīyè de gōngrén
Rhen dushuo Meiguo sh ding iouciandi guogia, kish-ni, ta ie xiang Peiping di xuanggung sdi, biaomian kankilai kuoki gila, zou ginky ikan shmo ie meijou. 人 都説 美國 是 頂 有錢 的 國家 ， 其實 呢 ， 他 也 像 北平 [的] 皇宮 似的 ， 表面 看起來 闊氣 極 啦 ， 走進 去 一 看 什麽 也 沒有。 Rén dōu shuō Měiguó shì dǐng yǒuqián de guójiā, qíshí ne, tā yě xiàng Běipíng de huánggōng shìde, biǎomiàn kànqǐlái kuòqi jí la, zǒujìnqu y kàné shénme.
Zhe ginian shgieshang you naokyng. Dungsi mai bu chuky gungchang guanmen, gungrhen giu shjeliao. Meiguo ie sh ijang, ginnian suirhan xao idian, kish gungrhen xo nungmin bi cianginian geng ku. 這 幾年 世界 上 都 閙 窮。 東西 賣不出去 ， 工廠 關門 ， 工人 就 失業 了。 美國 也是 一樣 ， 今年 今年 雖然 好 一點 ， 其實 工人 和 農民 比 前 幾年 更 苦。 Zhè jǐ nián shìjiè shàng dōu nàoqióng. Dōngxi màibùchūqu, gōngchǎng guānmén, gōngrén jiù shīyè le. Měiguó yě shì yīyàng, jīnnián suīrán hǎo yīdiǎn, qíshí gōngrén hé nóngmín bǐ qián jǐ nián gèng kǔ.

literature

  • Sin Wenz Rhumen《新 文字 入門》. Beiping: Sin Wenz Iangiuxui 新 文字 研究 會, 1936 (mostly available on Pinyin.info : [1] ).
  • Ni Xaishu 倪海曙: Zhshfenz Yng de Beifangxua Sin Wenz Koben《知識分子 用 的 北方 話 新 文字 課本》 Beiping: Kaiming, 1950.
  • Ie Laish: Gungrhen shyban yngdi Latinxua koben . Shanghai: Zhungwen Latinxua iangiuxui, 1935.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language . Leipzig: Encyclopedia, 1975; Pp. 103-105.
  2. ↑ a b Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language . Leipzig: Encyclopedia, 1975; Pp. 106-107.
  3. ^ Richard Vanness Simmons: Whence Came Mandarin? Qīng Guānhuà, the Běijīng Dialect, and the National Language Standard in Early Republican China. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 137 No. 1 (January – March 2017) pp. 63–88, here p. 65.
  4. ^ John DeFrancis: The Chinese Language. Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984; P. 254.
  5. ↑ a b c d after Sin Wenz Rhumen and San Duanmu [ Duānmù Sān 端木 三 ]: The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; see. Wai-Sum Lee [ Lǐ Huìxīn 李慧 心 ], Eric Zee [ Xú Yúnyáng 徐云扬 ]: Illustrations of the IPA. Standard Chinese (Beijing). In: Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33, pp. 109-112.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Sin Wenz Rhumen 《新 文字 入門》 . Beiping: Sin Wenz Iangiuxui 新 文字 研究 會 , 1936.
  7. ↑ Xiaonong Zhu: Phonetics. In: Rint Sybesma (ed.): Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics . Leiden / Boston: Brill, 2017; Richard Wiese: Underspecification and the description of Chinese vowels. In: Jialing Wang, Norval Smith (eds.): Studies in Chinese Phonology . Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 1997 .; also transcribed as [ z̩ ] and [ ɹ̩ ], z. B. in Yuen Ren Chao [ Zhào Yuánrèn 赵元任 ]: A Grammar of Spoken Chinese . Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968.
  8. ↑ Sin Wenz Rhumen 《新 文字 入門》 . Beiping: Sin Wenz Iangiuxui 新 文字 研究 會 , 1936; see. Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language . Leipzig: Encyclopedia, 1975; P. 105.
  9. ↑ In the original text, ikau is used instead of ikan . Apparently this is a misprint that has been corrected here.
  10. ↑ In the original text, the Sin-Wenz version according to Peiping uses the word di , but the written version lacks the equivalent 的 .
  11. ↑ The Pīnyīn transcription of the word 似的 is given here as shìde according to the mainland Chinese standard , but according to the Taiwanese standard it is pronounced sìde , which is more similar to Sin Wenz sdi .