Ysander

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Ysander
Japanese ysander (Pachysandra terminalis)

Japanese ysander ( Pachysandra terminalis )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Boxwood (Buxales)
Family : Box trees (Buxaceae)
Tribe : Sarcococceae
Genre : Ysander
Scientific name
Pachysandra
Michx.

The ysander ( Pachysandra ) are a genus of plants in the boxwood family (Buxaceae).

description

Ysander are evergreen, often only slightly woody subshrubs or perennial herbaceous plants . Their shoot axes are creeping to lying. The alternate leaves, which are crowded together in the upper half of the stem axis, are leathery and roughly toothed, rarely with entire margins.

The Ysander species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The flowers stand together in terminal or lateral, upright, spike-like inflorescences . The male flowers are in the upper part, the female in the lower part; rarely is there only one sex in an inflorescence. Bracts and bracts are ciliate. There are cover sheets . The unisexual flowers are relatively small and white or pink in color. The male flowers have two circles with only two bracts each . In the male flowers there are only four stamens that protrude over the bracts; there is also a sterile, four-ribbed punch that has a trimmed top. The stamens are flattened and wide. The female flowers have four to six bracts. In the female flowers, two or three carpels are fused to form a two or three- chamber ovary. The two or three styluses are long.

Two or three horned stone fruits are formed.

Systematics and occurrence

American ysander inflorescence ( Pachysandra procumbens )
From Dick males ( Pachysandra terminalis ) there are varieties such as variegated reading.

The genus Pachysandra was first published in 1803 by André Michaux in Flora Boreali-Americana , 2, pp. 177-178, plate 45 with the type species Pachysandra procumbens . The genus Pachydandra belongs to the tribe Sarcococceae within the boxwood family (Buxaceae).

The genus has a disjoint area with two species in eastern Asia and one species in eastern North America.

There are only three types of ysander:

  • Armpit-leaved ysander ( Pachysandra axillaris Franch. ): The two varieties are native to China and Taiwan :
    • Pachysandra axillary franch. var. axillaris : It only thrives in forests and thickets at altitudes between 1800 and 2500 meters in western Sichuan, in central and western Yunnan and in Taiwan.
    • Pachysandra axillaris var. Stylosa (Dunn) M.Cheng : It only thrives in forests at altitudes between 600 and 2100 meters in central and northwestern Fujian, northwestern Guangdong, southern Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi and southern Yunnan.
  • American Ysander ( Pachysandra procumbens Michx. ): Home is Louisiana , Kentucky and Florida .
  • Japanese Ysander or Dickmännchen ( Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. ): The home is Japan and China. In China, their natural occurrences are at altitudes between 1000 and 2600 meters in Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang.

use

Pachysandra is used in gardens and parks as an ornamental plant , more precisely as a so-called ground cover .

ingredients

Ysander species and varieties are poisonous. Similar to boxwood , they contain steroid alkaloids with a pregnan backbone. Pachysandrin A and pachystermin A, which were first isolated from Pachysandra terminalis , show an anti-ulcer effect. Pachysamine E, epipachysamine B and E and pachystermin A exhibited cytotoxic effects against leukemia cells of the P388 and P388 / ADR types. Various terminamines are able to inhibit the formation of metastases.

swell

  • Tianlu Min & Paul Brückner: Buxaceae in Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 : Pachydandra , p. 331 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Zhi-Hua Jiao & Jian-Hua Li: Phylogenetics and biogeography of eastern Asian-North American disjunct genus Pachysandra (Buxaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences , In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 47, Issue 3, 2009, p. 191– 201: full text online.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Tianlu Min & Paul Brückner: Buxaceae : Pachydandra , p. 331 - the same text online as the printed work , In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
  2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ^ Pachysandra at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  4. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  5. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 630-631).
  6. ↑ Y. Sun, Y.-X. Yan, J.-C. Chen, L. Lu, X.-M. Zhang, Y. Li & M.-H. Qiu: Pregnane alkaloids from Pachysandra axillaris. In: Steroids , Volume 75, 2010, pp. 818-824, ( digitalisat ).
  7. ↑ S. Funayama, T. Noshita, K. Shinoda, N. Haga, S. Nozoe, M. Hayashi & K. Komiyama: Cytotoxic Alkaloids of Pachysandra terminalis. In: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin , Volume 23, Number 2, 2000, pp. 262-264, ( digitized ).
  8. ↑ X.-Y. Li, Y. Yu, M. Jia, M.-N. Jin, N. Qin, C. Zhao & H.-Q. Duan: Terminamines K – S, Antimetastatic Pregnane Alkaloids from the Whole Herb of Pachysandra terminalis. In: Molecules , Volume 21, Number 10, 2016, 1283, doi : 10.3390 / molecules21101283 .

Web links

Commons : Ysander ( Pachysandra )  - collection of images, videos and audio files