Second Heilbronn synagogue
The Second Heilbronn Synagogue (1357–1490) on Kieselmarkt was the center of the Jewish community in Heilbronn in the late Middle Ages. The second synagogue (1357), the ritual baths and a cemetery of the Heilbronn Jews existed at Heilbronn's Kieselmarkt. After the city ban for Jews in the late 15th century, the area was acquired by the imperial city of Heilbronn and built over.
history
synagogue
The second synagogue was on Lohtorstrasse. Its construction was started in the month of Adar (February / March) of the year 1357 by Moses, son of Eljakim. It replaced the synagogue on the corner of Lohtorstrasse and Sülmerstrasse, which burned down in 1349. This synagogue is described as "a whole stick of stone".
The Jewish community received a letter of protection from King Sigismund in 1414 and was able to defend itself against a city ban imposed in 1437. In the late 15th century, however, the city of Heilbronn effectively implemented the city ban, whereupon the Heilbronn Jews mainly settled in the surrounding imperial knighthood or Teutonic order places.
For the Jews and their institutions to remain in Heilbronn, the Reich Chamberlain, Philip the Elder of Weinsberg , received part of his income from the Jewish tax he collected for the emperor. Emperor Friedrich III. In May 1490, however, authorized his chamber procurator Heinrich Martin to conduct the sales negotiations with the city of Heilbronn. In September 1490 they agreed on a price of 250 guilders for the synagogue, Jewish school and cemetery. The emperor approved the sale in November 1490 and Heinrich Martin instructed the city on December 13, 1490 to send its town clerk to Bretten with the requested sum to hand over the money .
The Jews Abraham von Kaltenwesten and Naten von Talheim protested against the sale on January 15, 1491 on behalf of the entire Heilbronn Jews, but the city ban for the Jews remained for the centuries to come. The city seems to have sold the former synagogue on quickly, because in 1497 Jos Unwirren pays the city 14 shillings and 4 1/2 Hellerzins tax from his house "which was the Jewish school".
Mikveh
Various Mikwaot (Hebrew מקװאות) can be traced firstly at the location of the house Kieselmarkt 1, to which there was an underground connection to the second Mikwa (Hebrew וה) of the second synagogue at Lohtorstraße 22, and thirdly in the former corner house Lammgasse / Lohtorstraße 33 Since the Mikwa was located near the first Jewish cemetery, directly at the town hall, on Kieselmarkt, it could have been a death washroom at first, which was converted into a ritual bath after the cemetery was closed in 1415. In 1518 the Mikwa is mentioned as the "Jewish bath near the Lederhaus". Later it is said to have served as a dye house. The underground connecting routes to the mikvot were discovered after 1944 and filled with rubble from the city shortly before 1956.
Medieval Jewish cemeteries in Heilbronn
On the former Judengasse (today Lohtorstraße) there was a Jewish cemetery at the Kieselmarkt (Hebrew בית עלמין "Beth Olamin", house of eternity).
Before 1000
In the cellar of the second synagogue at Lohtorstrasse 22, underground tombs from this period, so-called ossuaries, were also found. Underground graves were quite common. The Sephardim used catacombs at the time of the Hohenstaufen in southern Italy and Sicily, where the dead had their “world of the dead”. Similar to the Ptolemies in Alexandria .
This explains the fact that Jewish gravestones could not be found in Germany before the year 1000. According to Mediterranean custom, the dead were buried in catacombs in niches or ossuaries (bone boxes). After the burial, the niches are walled up with a tombstone with the name of the person buried on it. Evidence of the underground burial was found in 1944 after the great air raid on Heilbronn : In the underground vault of the second synagogue built in 1357 (later the Gasthaus zur Fischerstube ) was a 21 × 50 cm large sandstone cube with the inscription Nathan haParnass (Hebrew נתן הפרנס) d. H. Nathan the (community) head. The form of the writing probably dates from the 10th and 11th centuries. In the absence of honorary testimonies or blessings, which have been common since the 11th century, the tombstone of Nathan haParnass' ossuary can be dated to before 1100. The tombstone of Nathan haParnass is in the House of City History .
After 1000
The term Kieselmarkt probably comes from the pebbles. Since the dead of a Jewish. If the cemetery is not to be contaminated with fermenting, acidic or other by-products of decomposition, flowers are not used; instead, small stones or pebbles are placed on the grave slabs. A document for the Jewish cemetery at the town hall ("Kieselmarkt") is a saved tombstone for Samuel (schmu'el = God has heard) Bar (son) Majr (Hebrew שמואל בַר־מאירִ), who lived in the Jewish cemetery at the Kieselmarkt on Was buried January 22, 1408. The Jewish cemetery adjacent to the town hall was purchased together with the Jewish school in 1490 and built over with imperial city buildings. The tombstone of Samuel Bar Mejr is in the Lapidarium (milk farm) in Heilbronn.
After 1415
In November 1415, the Heilbronn Jews asked the council about a new Jewish. Cemetery. Jewish graves are not allowed to be reoccupied, so it happened that the cemetery at Kieselmarkt was no longer allowed to be used because it was full. The council gave the Heilbronn Jews a “judenkirchhoff uff unserm wasen by den garten” in front of the bridge gate on the other side of the Neckar. The "judenkirchhoff" is mentioned in the 1426, 1478 and 1480 document books. In 1486 an urban plot of land is designated as being located at the “Judenkirchhof”. In 1855 a tombstone from the year 1420 of the "Judenkirchhof" was recovered during work for the harbor and was then taken to the Jewish cemetery in Sontheim.
The "Witch's Columns" were also located near the second Jewish cemetery. According to Jewish tradition, there is no resurrection after the cremation. Therefore the "Jewish fires", i. H. the burnings of Jews, especially of Jewish women at the “witch pillars” in the immediate vicinity of their cemetery, a particular misfortune for those affected.
literature
- Moriz von Rauch (arrangement): Document book of the city of Heilbronn. Second volume (1476-1500) . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1913. ( Württemberg historical sources vol. 15) ( digitized version )
- Wilhelm Steinhilber : The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871 . Published on the occasion of the foundation of the Kathrinen Hospital in Heilbronn (April 23, 1306), Heilbronn, 1956.
- Marianne Dumitrache and Simon M. Haag: Archaeological city register Baden-Württemberg. Vol. 8: Heilbronn. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg , Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-927714-51-8
- Helmut Schmolz and Hubert Weckbach : Heilbronn with Böckingen, Neckargartach, Sontheim. The old city in words and pictures. Vol. 1: Photos from 1860 to 1944. , Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1966.
References and comments
- ↑ Moriz von Rauch: Document book of the city of Heilbronn. Second volume (1476–1500) , Stuttgart 1913, pages 470–472, no. 1572.
- ↑ Moriz von Rauch: Document book of the city of Heilbronn. Second volume (1476–1500) , Stuttgart 1913, page 472.
- ↑ Dumitrache Archaeological City Register Heilbronn No. 92 Mikweh II / Synagoge II , removed, Lohtorstrasse / corner of Rathausgasse, access to the underground car park, formerly Lohtorstrasse 22, page 116.
- ↑ Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281-1871 . The Jewish cemeteries , page 357.
- ↑ mahnung-gegen-rechts.de: What people can do ( Memento from February 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871 . The Jewish cemeteries , page 356.
- ↑ In the 17th century, other sources also name the square Kesselmarkt, but the name Kieselmarkt has been documented since 1627. The pebbles could also have been a substitute for a missing paving of the site. (Source: Address book of the city of Heilbronn 1975).
Coordinates: 49 ° 8 ′ 34.1 ″ N , 9 ° 13 ′ 11 ″ E