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{{future}}
{{Infobox Defunct Company
{{Infobox Wrestling event
| company_name = Bagley & Wright
|name=Cyber Sunday (2008)
| company_logo = [[Image:Memo Header.jpg|300px|A Bagley & Wright memo header in 1895. The artwork lists the four principal mills of the concern at that date.]]
|image=29572 CS 300x450.jpg
| fate =
|theme="[[Propane Nightmares]]" by [[Pendulum (band)|Pendulum]]<ref>{{cite video|title=[[No Mercy (2008)|No Mercy]]|medium =PPV|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
| successor =
|promotion=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]
| foundation = 1867
|brand=[[WWE Raw|Raw]]<br>[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown|SmackDown]]<br>[[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW]]
| defunct = 1924
|date=October 26, 2008
| location = [[Oldham]], [[Lancashire]], England
|venue=[[US Airways Center]]
| industry = [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|Textiles]] ([[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], doubling and weaving)
|city=[[Phoenix, Arizona]]
| key_people = Benjamin Wright and Ralph Bagley (founders)
|attendance=
| products = Sewing cotton, fishing net twine, crochet and tatting yarn
|lastevent=[[No Mercy (2008)]]
| num_employees = <!--peak number of employees-->
|nextevent=[[Survivor Series (2008)]]
| parent = Bagley, Wright & Milne
|event=[[WWE Cyber Sunday|Cyber Sunday]]
| subsid =
|lastevent2=[[Cyber Sunday (2007)]]
|nextevent2=[[TBD]]
}}
}}
'''Bagley & Wright''' was a [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], doubling and weaving company based in [[Oldham]], [[Lancashire]], England. The business, which was active from 1867 until 1924, 'caught the wave' of the cotton-boom that existed following the end of the [[American Civil War]] in 1865 and experienced rapid growth in the United Kingdom and abroad.<ref name=ManchesterofToday>Manchester of Today (An epitome of results) - Business Men and Commercial Interests, Historical Publishing Company, 90 Chancery Lane, London, 1888 (Source: British Lending Library).</ref>


'''Cyber Sunday (2008)''' will be a [[professional wrestling]] [[pay-per-view]] event produced by [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE), which is scheduled to take place on October 26, 2008 at the [[US Airways Center]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. It will be the fifth such event, but the third under the [[WWE Cyber Sunday|Cyber Sunday]] name, and will feature wrestlers from the [[WWE Raw|Raw]], [[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW]], and [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown|SmackDown]] [[WWE Brand Extension|brands]].<ref name="wweppvspecial">{{cite journal|year=2007|month=Special|title=Greatest Moments in Pay-Per-View History|journal=WWE Magazine|pages=64–65|accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref> As of October 10, 2008, three professional wrestling matches are scheduled on the event's [[card (sports)|card]].
In 1897, the business split into two with the sewing cotton operation being subsumed into the newly formed English Sewing Cotton Company (ESCC).<ref name=blyth/> The remainder of the Bagley & Wright business remaining independent in the form of Bagley & Wright Manufacturing. Although the Wright and Bagley families lost influence on the ESCC part of the business following a scandal over the distribution of dividends in 1902, they remained in control of Bagley and Wright Manufacturing until it was finally dissolved in 1924.<ref name=Drapers2/><ref name=Guardian1/>


==Background==
Throughout the existence of the business, the influence of the [[Wesleyan Church]] in Oldham was substantial in the formation of the friendships and partnerships that were the engines for business success.<ref name=methodism/>


Cyber Sunday is an interactive pay-per-view that allows fans to decide matches, stipulations, and/or opponents.
== The founders ==


The main feud on ''Raw'' is between the World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho ([[Chris Jericho|Chris Irvine]]) and the number one contender, Batista ([[Dave Batista|Dave Bautista]]). In this match, the fans will choose the special guest referee; the options include [[Randy Orton]], Shawn Michaels ([[Shawn Michaels|Michael Hickenbottom]]), and Stone Cold Steve Austin ([[Stone Cold Steve Austin|Steve Williams]]).
Benjamin Wright and Ralph Bagley were born in 1837 and 1839 respectively.<ref name=1861census>1861 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> Wright was born into poverty<ref name=chronicle/> in [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] (also known as Ashton). His father William and mother Mary were both born in 1803 in Ashton and, by 1841, were living in the village of [[Lees, Greater Manchester|Lees]], on the border with Oldham, with their nine children; Hannah 17-years, John 15, James 14, Sarah 11, Nancy 9, Eliza 7, Betty 5, Benjamin 3 and William aged 1.<ref name=1841census>1841 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> The three oldest children were working as cotton [[Factory life during the industrial revolution|piecers]], the middle three were at school and Benjamin and William junior were of pre-school age. Father William was an operative cotton spinner but Mary was not employed. Despite three of the children being employed, the family was poor.<ref name=chronicle/> The father would command a 'reasonable' wage but the children would contribute little to family income. With six dependent mouths to feed, the family would have found life a struggle and the fact that Sarah at age 11 was still at school suggests that the parents were committed to their children's betterment. Financial pressure increased in 1843 with the birth of Joseph who was to play a major part in the business.<ref>Birth certificate, UK National Archives, Kew, London</ref>


Another storyline on ''Raw'' is to decide who will face Santino Marella ([[Santino Marella|Anthony Carelli]]) for the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship]]. The fans will choose from three past wrestlers: "Rowdy" Roddy Piper ([[Roddy Piper|Roderick Toombs]]), Goldust ([[Dustin Rhodes|Dustin Runnels]]), or The Honky Tonk Man ([[The Honky Tonk Man|Roy Ferris]]).
Benjamin started work at the age of seven 1845.<ref name=chronicle/> His first job was as a little piecer in Henry Atherton's Woodend [[Cotton Mill]] on Woodend Street in Lees.<ref name=duncan/> This involved fetching and carrying for the spinner and piecer as well as keeping the [[Spinning mule|mules]] clean by sweeping behind the carriages. He worked his way through the usual progression from little piecer to piecer and, sometime around the age of 20, was working as a qualified spinner. He moved to work for Daniel Collinge and Sons at Moorhey Mills (known locally as Dan Coll's factory) on Moorhey Street [[Glodwick]] and must have impressed, because he was given the position of 'Outlooker' at Dan Coll's and subsequent to that became manager of the mill.<ref name=duncan>Gurr, D. and Hunt, J. The Cotton Mills of Oldham, edition 3, ISBN-10: 0902809466</ref>


The main feud on ''SmackDown!'' is for the [[WWE Championship]] between Champion Triple H ([[Triple H|Paul Levesque]]), and two challengers [[Jeff Hardy]], and Vladimir Kozlov ([[Oleg Prudius]]). In this match, the fans will decide if Triple H will wrestle Hardy, Kozlov, or both in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic non-elimination matches|Triple Threat Match]].
We do not known how Benjamin and his future business partner Ralph Bagley first met. However, it is known that Ralph also worked at Dan Coll's.<ref name=duncan/>


==Matches==
[[Image:Benjamin Wright in 1897.jpg|thumb|right|Benjamin Wright in 1897]]
{| style="font-size: 85%; text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable"
[[Image:Ralph Bagley in 1897.jpg|thumb|left|Ralph Bagley in 1897]]
<!-- !style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''#''' -->
!style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Match'''
!style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Stipulation'''
!style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Vote for:'''
<!-- !style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|'''Times''' -->
|-
|[[Chris Jericho]] (c) vs. [[Dave Batista|Batista]]<ref name="JerichovsBatista">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/matches/7880726/preview/|title=Preview:World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho vs. Batista (WWE Universe chooses referee)|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-10-06|}}</ref>
| [[Professional wrestling match types#Variations of singles matches|Singles match]] for the [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]]; fans vote for guest referee
|[[Randy Orton]]<br>[[Shawn Michaels]]<br>[[Stone Cold Steve Austin|Steve Austin]]
|-
|[[Santino Marella]] (c) vs. [[TBD]] <ref name="SantinoICTitle">{{citeweb|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/matches/8258380/preview|title=Preview:Intercontinental Championship Match (WWE Universe chooses Santino Marella's opponent)|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|Singles match for the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship]]; fans vote for Marella's opponent
|[[Roddy Piper]]<br>[[Dustin Rhodes|Goldust]]<br>[[The Honky Tonk Man]]
|-
|[[Triple H]] (c) vs. [[TBD]] <ref name="TripleHWWETitle">
{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/matches/8292514/preview/|title=Preview:WWE Championship Match (WWE Universie chooses Triple H's opponent)(s)|date=2008-10-09|accessdate=2008-10-11|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref>
| Singles match or [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic non-elimination matches|Triple Threat match]] for the [[WWE Championship]]; fans vote for Triple H's opponent(s)
|[[Vladimir Kozlov]]<br>[[Jeff Hardy]]<br>Both
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|{{small|''(c) - refers to the champion heading into the match''}}}}
|}


==See also==
Ralph was born at Cow Hill, Oldham in 1839, the son of Thomas Bagley (born 1798) a general labourer and Hannah (born 1799) a cotton hand-loom weaver.<ref name=1861census/> Thomas had been born in [[Manchester]] and Hannah in [[Cheshire]]. In 1851,<ref name=1851census> 1851 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> Ralph was 12-years old and he and his younger sister Ann were at school. That Ralph was not in full-time employment at age twelve is unusual for working families of the time and reflects the fact that the family was small and the children were at an age where both parents were able to work. It is possible that the family had a loom<ref name=1861census/> in their home for Hannah to work on and this could have been a an important factor. We know that Ralph also had an older sister called Sarah who would have been 17-years old in 1851. However, Sarah does not appear in the 1851 census as resident at Cow Hill and she may have been living somewhere else as a 'live-in' housemaid. By 1861, she had returned to the family home (defined as 59 Cow Hill) to live with Thomas (65-years), Ralph (21-years) and Ann (19-years). By 1861, there is no record of Ralph's mother Hannah who would have been 62 years old. At this time, the average age at death for working class women was 53 and for men 47, so it is possible that Hannah had died between 1851 and 1861. The 1861 census shows that Ralph was employed as an iron turner, working in a factory and using a lathe to turn iron produced in the foundry into bars.<ref name=1861census/> Ann had found employment as a power loom weaver. This followed her mother’s occupation but, at the same time, reflected the inexorable move towards [[automation]].
*[[WWE Cyber Sunday]]
*[[List of WWE pay-per-view events]]


==References==
Although Ralph was an iron turner in 1861 we do not know where he was working. The largest employers of iron turners in the area were the large textile machinery manufacturing companies. It seems possible that he might have changed his job to work in Dan Coll's factory. It is unlikely that, at the age of 22, he would have been able to retrain as a spinner, but he may have found employment in the workshop at Moorhey Mills where repairs to the mill machinery would have been undertaken. Whatever the nature of Ralph's job at Moorhey, it was likely to be here that he met Benjamin and formed the partnership that flourished over the next 40-years.
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
The presence of cotton spinning, coal mining and iron founding can be seen in the jobs that the Wright and Bagley families were involved with in 1861. In addition to Ralph's job as an iron turner and William Wright's cotton spinning, William's daughter Hannah (Benjamin's sister) had married Jacob Marland from Ashton<ref name=1861census/> whose family was related to the Marland family that owned Bower [[colliery]]. Indeed, Jacob ran a small operation that employed five miners in Ashton, with two of his employees living as lodgers in his house.<ref name=1861census/>
*[http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/ The official website of WWE Cyber Sunday]

{{Portal|Professional wrestling|break=yes}}
== The beginning of partnership – 1860 to 1870 ==
{{WWEPPV|Cyber Sunday}}

There is no doubt that the partnership between Benjamin Wright and Ralph Bagley was based on friendship as well as business acumen. In the mid 1860s, the textile industry in Lancashire was undergoing one of its periods of rapid growth.<ref name=blyth/> The [[American Civil War]] that started in 1861, and caused so much distress in the Lancashire cotton towns, ended in 1865. Despite the [[Lancashire Cotton Famine]] caused by the loss of trade with the [[Confederacy (American Civil War)|Confederacy]], recovery afterwards was rapid and the cotton industry responded with a period of exuberant growth. For anyone with the necessary skills, knowledge and acceptance of risk, this was a time when entering into business was relatively easy.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/> Budding entrepreneurs could rent 'space and power' from a mill owner operating as a commercial landlord. In many cases the entrepreneur would rent a floor of a mill which was served by [[line shafting]] powered by a steam engine somewhere else in the building. The floor might already have machinery ([[spinning mule]]s, [[carding]] engines or looms) installed or he might have approached a cotton machinery manufacturer who would rent or lease the machinery to him. If up-front cash was a problem, the banks were likely to oblige with a loan.<ref name=duncan/>

By 1863, Benjamin and Ralph had left their positions at Dan Coll's factory and had set up a partnership with Samuel Milne, a major player in Oldham's cotton spinning industry.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/> The business, called 'Bagley, Wright & Milne', started in part of an old (even then, it was old) shed in Roscoe Street in 1867.<ref name=blyth>Blyth, H.E., Through the Eye of a Needle; the story of the English Sewing Cotton Company, 1947, ISBN: B000X8G17A.</ref> Benjamin's younger brother Joseph also joined this enterprise. Joseph had started work in 1850 when he was 9-years old. His first employment was in the jenny gate but he graduated to minder and overlooker before taking a management role in the Bagley & Wright concern.<ref>The Oldham Chronicle, 6 December, 1930</ref> Most of the Roscoe Street shed was taken up with looms but there was some spinning capacity on mules available for renting. Also around this time, Ralph and Benjamin went into partnership with a spinner called John Marsden; the business being called John Marsden and Company based at Crabtree Mill. All of the partners of these concerns were followers of [[Wesleyan Methodism in Glodwick]] which was going through a period of rapid growth both in terms of numbers of followers and confidence. In the second half of the 1800s, [[Wesleyanism]] in particular and Methodism in general, were seen as the religion of choice for the upwardly mobile middle classes because of the encouragement that it gave its adherents to better themselves through work and enterprise. We do not know the religion of Benjamin's and Joseph's parents but in 1866 the brothers had joined Glodwick Trinity Wesleyan Church which was then held in 'The Old Garret' in Well Fold, Oldham.<ref name=methodism>Fifty years of Methodism in Glodwick 1863 to 1913, Oldham Local Studies Library, Accession number L1900, Classification number RO:FS.</ref>

== Business growth - 1870 to 1880 ==

[[Image:Joseph Wright.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Wright circa 1910]]
While the Wright brothers were dividing their time between business and church, their business associates were giving time to other aspects of public work. The Chadderton [[Board of Health]] had been formed (rather belatedly) in 1872 following Government legislation. One of the first Board members was Joseph Wright’s future business partner Jakeh Travis who was elected to it for the 1873/4 session. Also elected in that year was John Marland a Colliery Proprietor. John was the brother of Hannah Wright’s husband Jacob Marland. Ten years later, Ralph Bagley would be elected as Chairman of the Committee.[http://www.chadderton-hs.freeuk.com/history_local_gov_in_chadd.htm]

[[Image:Brighteye.jpg|thumb|left|The 'Bright Eye' trade mark of Bagley & Wright.]]
In November 1875, Ralph and Benjamin withdrew from John Marsden and Company to enable them to concentrate on their parnership with Samuel Milne.<ref>London Gazette, issue 24271, 30 November 1875, p6173.</ref> However, by 1877, the partnership with Samuel Milne had come to an end,<ref>London Gazette, issue 24418, 9 February 1877, p635</ref> and Ralph and Benjamin were trading under the name 'Bagley & Wright' from the Wellington and Lees mills with Joseph Wright mill manager at the Wellington. From these mills they manufactured [[crochet]], [[embroidery]], [[tatting]] and bonnet cotton as well as [[yarn|sewing thread]]; the latter being a relatively new introduction to their line. They were also producing fishing-net twine something that they became known and respected for over many years.<ref name=Hosking11877>Hosking's Guide to Manchester Trade, Section 2 Sewing Cotton Manufacturers, July, 1877</ref><ref>Hosking's Guide to Manchester Trade, Section 14 Sewing Thread, Crochet, Embroidery, Tatting and Bonnet Cotton, Knittings and Mendings, July, 1877</ref> The growth of the company had, by 1877, been rapid and they now saw a commercial imperative to appear daily (not necessarily personally) at the Manchester Royal Cotton Exchange where the cotton commodity market for Lancashire was based. Here spinners tried to get the best deals for raw cotton from the importers of American cotton while simultaneously getting the highest available price for their yarn from weaving businesses.<ref name=Hosking11877/>

While assisting in the development of the Bagley & Wright business, Joseph was developing a business in his own right. Although Wellington Mill was by 1877 an integral part of the Bagley & Wright operations, it also provided the manufacturing base for a separate business called Travis, Freeman & Wright that was owned by Jakeh Travis, Thomas Freeman and Joseph. Like the Wright brothers, Jakeh Travis and Thomas Freeman were devout Wesleyans, so their meeting and partnership was not entirely happenstance. However, whereas Benjamin and Joseph were ‘new kids on the block’, Jakeh was ‘old money’, his family having been involved with the cotton industry from the early 1800s.<ref name=duncan/> Indeed, although he was involved in several enterprises, his input was financial rather than active. When he was elected to the Chadderton Board of Health his employment was listed as ‘gentleman’; a clear indication that he did not need to work to maintain his income. By 1881, Benjamin's family employed an additional domestic help, a 20 year old servant called Harriet Mills from Wolverhampton.<ref name=1881census>1881 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> Having two or more domestic servants was the norm for cotton masters in Oldham at that time.<ref name=Howe>The Cotton Masters, Howe, A., 1984, Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN: 0-19-821894-X</ref>

== Consolidation - 1880 to 1890 ==

Over the period during which Bagley & Wright and Travis & Wright were consolidating the business, house construction struggled to keep abreast of the growth in worker numbers in Oldham. Most houses were in terraces aimed to provide workers with good sanitation and water supply. Although trams served many parts of the town, transport was still essentially by horse and carriage. For this reason, workers houses had to be near to the place of work. Both Benjamin and Joseph lived in terraced housing until around 1875<ref name=1881census/>; the same sort of housing that would be used by their employees. This was considered normal and only the most affluent of mill owners might be expected to move into houses reflecting their level of income. In 1881, Benjamin was 43-years old and Ann was 40. Living in Ashton-Under-Lyne, they now had three more children; Frank (9-years), Ethel Mary (6-years) and Gertrude.(2-years)<ref name=1881census/>

In 1871, Ralph had married<ref name=1871census>1871 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> and by 1881, he and his wife Betsy had four children; Travis (9-years), Annie (8-years) Clara (3-years) and Elizabeth (3-months).<ref name=1881census/>

Competition from other United Kingdom based spinning companies as well as an increasing flow of imported yarn and finished cloth made it essential to secure supplies of raw cotton and markets for the spun thread.<ref name=Farnie>The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815-1896, Farnie, D.A., Oxford University Press, 1979, ISBN: 0-19-822478-8.</ref> The Company responded to these market pressures by consolidating both the supply and demand side of the operation.<ref name =blyth/>

By 1885 the Company had established an office in Liverpool so that it had a presence on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange to enable it to buy raw raw cotton at the lowest price.

In 1886, Bagley & Wright bought out the business and trade mark of Messrs. William Clapperton who were sewing thread manufacturers in Paisley, Scotland.<ref name=blyth/> Around this time they also bought into other businesses including the Crooklands Bobbin Mill<ref>Cumbria Sites and Records Office, Kendal, United Kingdom, SMR number 6143</ref><ref name=ManchesterofToday/> to secure their supply of bobbins, and a 'spooling mill' in [[Montreal]], Canada, to prepare their sewing threads exported for the North American market and thereby avoid large import taxes introduced by the Canadian Government.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/> The spooling mill premises also provided a facility for the storage of finished cloth made at their Wood Top and Cliviger Mills in Burnley.<ref>The Business and Professional Directory of All Cities in Ontario with Montreal, Quebec, Winnipeg, Halifax, St. John Sherbrooke and Hull, Published by The Union Publishing Company of Ingersoll, Canada, p203, 1902-3</ref>

In the latter half of the 1800s, profit margins in the spinning industry came under increasing pressure. In addition to the growing strength of workers groups like the Operative Cotton Spinners Association, competition from abroad was increasing due to the export of automated textile machinery; something that had been unlawful until 1843. The growth in overseas yarn production also caused shortages in the supply of raw cotton and this raised raw cotton prices, putting further pressure on margins. The Lancashire cotton trade suffered a series of depressions during which the relationship between workers and mill owners became strained. Workers were asked by the Master Cotton Spinners Associations to accept cuts in wages and when these requests were met with militant action by the operative associations the Masters introduced 'lock-outs' that were intended to put financial pressure on the operatives.<ref name=Farnie/>

In addition to short-term tactics like lock-outs, the Masters concluded that one way of controlling costs and income was to form syndicates with the objective of exerting better control over the market in which they operated.<ref name=Farnie/> To a certain extent, Bagley & Wright had been at the forefront of this type of strategy by extending their business into the supply side.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/>

[[Image:Belgrave Mill.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Belgrave Number 1 Mill (photographed in 2006)]]

Throughout most of their existence, the company had manufactured fishing net twines, cotton yarn of all types (except the very finest threads) and high quality sewing threads. This latter product was especially successful and sales grew strongly during the 1880s. By 1881, the sewing cotton side of the business had grown to such an extent that it had been decided to build a new 'state-of-the-art' mill.<ref name=duncan/> The company bought land off Honeywell Lane, Oldham and erected Belgrave Mill which subsequently became known as 'Belgrave Number 1 Mill' as a further three mills were erected on the site in the early part of the 20th century. Yarn produced at the Belgrave Number 1 Mill was bleached or dyed in an on-site facility. Belgrave #1 was designed by the architects Potts, Pickup and Dixon a leading firm of mill architects in Lancashire. No expense was spared, including the fitting of a [[steam engine]] built by Woolstenhulmes & Rye.<ref name=duncan/>

In addition to the Belgrave Mill, the company now owned Industry Mill, Crabtree Mill and Cliviger Shed in Burnley, as well as the other mills previously mentioned.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/>

By 1889, the Company had purchased a weaving mill at Cliviger near Burnley to provide an additional market for their yarns. In 1890 they increased this capacity by renting part of Wood Top Mill (also in Burnley).

The success of the Company was reflected in a change of residence for both Benjamin and Ralph. Sometime between 1881 and 1891, Benjamin and Ann moved with their family to recently built houses on Queens Road,<ref name=1881census/><ref name=1891census/> overlooking Belgrave #1 Mill across [[Alexandra Park, Oldham|Alexandra Park]]. This change reflects the family's growing wealth and status within the community. Benjamin's home at number 53 was only a few doors away from number 67 where Ralph and his family had lived until moving to Edward Street, Werneth around 1890. Due to ill-health, Thomas Freeman withdrew from the Travis, Freeman & Wright business in September 1888. The business carried on with the remaining two partners under the title of Travis & Wright.<ref>London Gazette, issue 25856, 14 September 1888, p22.</ref>

== Division and conglomeration - 1890 to 1900 ==

By the late 1800s the Company had established a large warehouse and office block on Cannon Street in central [[Manchester]] and a second warehouse at the junction of Union Street and Priory Street in Oldham.<ref name=ManchesterofToday/> There were branch offices in [[Glasgow]] and [[Belfast]] and offices and warehouses in [[Melbourne]], [[Bombay]] and [[Moscow]].

In 1890 Bagley & Wright’s occupied Wood Top Mill to further complement their weaving capability at Cliviger Mill. On December 28th in 1892 a memorandum<ref>Archives of The Operative Cotton Spinners & Twiners' Provincial Association of Bolton and Surrounding Districts 1855-1973, John Rylands Library, Manchester University, United Kingdom, File Reference BCS1/5/3/40.</ref> was written by Ralph Bagley to 'J. Feilding Esq.' Secretary of the Operative Cotton Spinners Association (the spinners Trade Union) informing him that a forthcoming meeting had been cancelled. The heading of the memorandum lists the Company's Mills as: Wellington, Industry, and Belgrave in Oldham and Wood Top Shed in Burnley. In the archives of Burnley library is a reference written on Bagley & Wright notepaper in 1895 for a Mr. John Watson who ‘has been in our company for over five years as an overlooker & have always been found him a steady hand & competent workman'. The reference is signed by R. Sagar for Bagley & Wright.In 1895, the company's sewing cotton business was still expanding and a considerable investment was made in the extension of the Belgrave Mill to provide greater manufacturing capacity.<ref name=duncan/> In 1895 several British producers of sewing cotton yarn opened discussions on how they might combine their assets and markets to protect themselves from increasing competition from overseas. The companies decided to form a 'conglomerate' through which they would be in a better position to cooperate on the purchase of raw material and the combined marketing of their products. The aim was to cooperate rather than compete.<ref name=blyth/>

Around 1893, the Company bought a mill at Crooklands to secure the supply of bobbins that they needed. The [[bobbin]] mill at Crooklands lay between [[Milnthorpe]] and [[Kendal]]. The English [[Lake District]] was a major centre for the production of bobbins because of the availability of trees to use as the raw material and water courses to drive water wheels to power the machinery. The Crooklands Mill was built some time before it was taken over by Bagley & Wright who certainly owned it between 1894 and 1897. In 1906 the Mill had passed into the ownership of Messrs. A. Bell and Co., so it is possible that the Mill was retained by Bagley & Wright until after Benjamin’s death in 1905.<ref name=chronicle/>

The Bobbin Mill made use of an old horse drawn tramway<ref name=Cumbria14002>Cumbria Sites and Records Office, Kendal, United Kingdom, SMR number 14002/14003</ref> that passed closely by on an embankment. The tramway was originally built to serve a large gunpowder factory at nearby Gatebeck. The factory was owned by Wakefield and Co., one of the largest manufacturers of gunpowder in Great Britain in the 1800s. The tramway had horses pulling wagons of gunpowder from the factory to a wharf on the Lancaster Canal where it was dispatched to mines or to the military. The horses were shod in copper shoes so that sparks would not ignite the gunpowder. Before 1900, the tramway had been extended from the canal wharf to Milnthorpe where there was, by then, a railway station.<ref name=Cumbria14002/>

In 1867, the Crooklands Mill had been powered by a water wheel with a mill stream taken off the nearby Peasey Beck.<ref>Cumbria Sites and Records Office, Kendal, United Kingdom, SMR number 1401</ref> At this stage, the Mill consisted of about 3 buildings and bobbins must have been transported to the canal by horse and cart. By 1900, a spur line has been built from the tramway, across the Peasey Beck and into an open shed in the Mill grounds. There is evidence that the Mill stabled horses to be used in pulling wagons of bobbins onto the main tramway line and down to the canal or onwards to the station at Milnthorpe.<ref name=Cumbria14002/>

In 1895 the Compny's sewing cotton business was still expanding and a considerable investment was made in the extension of the Belgrave #1 Mill to provide greater manufacturing capacity.<ref name=blyth/>

In 1897, fourteen companies involved in the spinning of sewing cotton combined to form the 'English Sewing Cotton Company Limited' (ESCC)[http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/web/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=257]. In all cases, the Directors or Proprietors of each of the individual companies became Directors of ESCC. While some of the individual companies had previously only been involved with the manufacture of sewing cotton, Bagley & Wright had many other interests including yarn for weaving, fishing-net twine, crochet yarn etc. The Bagley & Wright business split into two; one part being subsumed into ESCC with Benjamin and Ralph as Directors, the other part staying independent. In effect, the ESCC was a 'holding company' and each of the fourteen companies within it maintained their own name and style of management.<ref name=blyth/>

[[Image:BnWMills.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Wellington Mill (Lower Left), Belgrave Number 1 Mill (Lower Right), Industry Mill (Centre) and Wood Top Mill (Far right) from a 1895 Bagley & Wright Memo heading.<ref> Pamphlet LM31/BAG (MEM 1895, Cat:M0330123LC), Burnley Central Library Local Studies Department, Burnley, United Kingdom.</ref>]]

The Belgrave #1 Mill was completely turned over to the manufacture of sewing cotton and was the Bagley & Wright 'contribution' to the ESCC.<ref name=blyth/> Bagley & Wright's other manufacturing activities were carried out in their other mills. From this point on, there are two listings for Bagley & Wright in the trade directories of the time. As an example, the 1901 Kelly's Directory of Oldham shows the following: (1) Bagley & Wright Limited, cotton manufacturers and doublers, Belgrave Mill, Honeywell Lane. (2) Bagley & Wright Manufacturing Co., cotton spinners and doublers; warehouse, Union Street; Wellington Mill, Wellington Street & Crabtree Mill, Bridge Street, Oldham Edge.<ref name=Drapers2>Draper's Record, 18 September 1897, p617</ref>

In 1898, the ESCC made a decision to enter the American market by purchasing a number of New England mills in the USA. These acquisitions, including the Willimantic Linen Company were consolidated into the American Thread Company<ref>American Thread Company Records, Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut. Record identification dentification: MSS19980302.</ref> [http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/findaids/Amerthre/MSS19980302.html]. This purchase and consolidation was to have serious consequences for ESCC by 1902.

[[Image:B&W advertisement.jpg|800px|thumb|left|A Bagley & Wright Advertisement for Sewing Cotton in 1897.<ref name=Drapers1>Draper's Record, 3 July 1897, p47</ref>]]

Other than for the observation that Benjamin's sons had stayed at school longer than was the norm for less affluent families, the jobs that they took up after leaving school were relatively menial. In 1881, at the age of 18, his son Herbert had been a clerk within the Bagley & Wright business.<ref name=1881census/> Ten years later, in 1891, sons George Harrop Wright (21) and Frank Wright (18) were bookkeepers.<ref name=1891census> 1891 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref> Perhaps the greatest deviation from the 'work from the bottom' idea was that the sons did not have to experience the manual jobs of piecing and spinning. Clearly, the aim was to provide the sons with experience of various positions within the business to prepare them for future ownership. Because the business was so extensive, other family members could also be brought in and groomed for future management. Thus, Henry, the eldest son of Benjamin's brother Joseph, was a Clerk at Wellington mill in 1891 while his father was the proprietor of Travis & Wright at the same mill.<ref name=1891census/> By 1901, Joseph's second son Benjamin (we will call him 'Benjamin junior' to identify him from his Uncle Benjamin) was a warehouseman at Bagley & Wright's Union Street warehouse.<ref name=1901census> 1901 census returns, United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, London</ref>

== Division - 1900 to 1910 ==

The ESCC operation hit stormy waters early in the 20th century. The investment that the company had to commit in forming the American Thread Company (ATCO) was much larger than originally estimated and returns were slow in materialsing. The value of shares in the ESCC dropped sharply. An article in the Guardian newspaper in April 1902 noted that an extraordinary general meeting of the ESCC directors and shareholders was to take place on 23 April.<ref name=Guardian1>The Guardian, 14 April 1902, p4.</ref> The purposes of the meeeting were to (1) discuss the Company's position in regard to its management and finances, (2) to enquire into the reasons for the loss of share value and (3) take steps to reorganise the Company Board to protect the Company from issues arrising from its holding in the American Thread Company. The shareholders were concerned that a large amount of ESCC money had been placed in a reserve fund for the purpose of paying a dividend to shareholders. The problem, from the point of view of most shareholders was that the directors of the mills in the USA that had been bought out to form the ATCO had all been issued with large numbers of ATCO and ESCC shares as part of the consolidation. The effect was that share value had been diluted. Solicitors and accountants working on behalf of the shareholders stated that the use of a reserve fund for the payment of a dividend could be illegal under English law.<ref name=Guardian1/> Prior to this meeting, the ESCC Board consisted of 24 directors all of whom were directors of the individual companies that had combined to form the holding in 1897 plus several directors of American companies.<ref name=Guardian1/> To improve management efficiency the meeting decided that the Board membership should be reduced to 12 with half of this number being ordinary shareholders unconnected with either the individual ESCC enterprises or the ATCO mills.<ref name=Guardian1/> From this point onwards, neither Ralph Bagley or Benjamin Wright sat on the ESCC Board although they continued to own substantial share holdings in the ESCC.

From the ESCC’s perspective, the collection of firms that formed the basis of their operation was identified as being inefficient. Whenever there was a turndown in the market for sewing thread, the overheads due to running numerous mills, each with their own management and administrative structure was a liability. By 1905, the Company had decided that ‘concentration’ was required and steps were taken to reduce overheads and improve operating efficiency.<ref name=monopoly>Levy, H. Monopoly and Competition - A Study of English Industrial Organisation, Batoche Books, 2001, Ontario, Canada.</ref>

In 1905, the year of Benjamin's death, Ralph Bagley was 66-years old.

The English Sewing Cotton Company’s Report of the 25th July, 1907 listed that the following results of ‘concentration’ were that (1) A linen thread mill was sold to round off the trust’s sphere of business, (2) The production of the Egerton Mill was transferred, the report explaining that the trust ‘had sufficient reserve productive capacity at other mills to enable them to deal with the trade conducted at that branch’ and (3) The plant of the Belgrave Mill at Oldham was removed, and the site and buildings sold. Finally, ‘a further concentration took place by the transfer of the business of R. F. & J. Alexander & Co., carried on at Duke Street, Glasgow, to one of the other branches of that company’.<ref name=monopoly/> Contemporaneously with this policy of concentration, output was centralised by the connection of the ESCC with Messrs. Coats, and the system of common sales established in 1906 through a newly formed organisation called the Central Thread Agency. The net profits of the ESCC greatly increased following that step, though, for the most part, this was due to improved market conditions.<ref name=monopoly/> The net trading profit for ESCC, which had been £170,829 in 1904, and only £92,614 in 1905, rose to £254,846 in 1907 and was maintained in 1908 at £251,938 although we have no record of the capital deployed.

Oldham Family Records and Archives have records of those eligible for jury service around the turn of the 19th century. The records provide an interesting insight into the wealth of the people on the list because it gives the amount of money for which each person has been assessed to contribute to the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Rate]] of the Borough. Jurors had to be property owners because this was seen as a measure of responsibility. The entries for Ralph Bagley, Benjamin Wright and George Harrop Wright in 1903 show that Ralph Bagley carried a Poor Rate assessment of £420 while Banjamin Wright was assessed at £276. Both were identified as 'Special Jurors'.<ref>Oldham Jury List 1900-1904, Oldham Local Studies and Archives, Union Street, Oldham, United Kingdom.</ref>

Being defined as a 'Special Juror' depended entirely on the amount that had been assessed for Poor Rate and this, in turn, depended on the wealth of the individual measured by the value of the property that they inhabited. In 19th century England and for several decades after the end of Victoria's reign, an Englishman of wealth and standing could, if required to defend him/her-self in a court of law, request that the jury was constituted from peers on the grounds that they would not be adversley prejudiced. Special Jurors were those who might be called upon to stand as jurors at such a trial. It was not until 1949 that this privilege of the wealthy and landed gentry was repealed. [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1949/cukpga_19490027_en_1#pt2-l1g6].

Benjamin Wright died on 5 May 1905 at home on Queen's Street, Oldham. As befitting his status within the town, his funeral was in the finest Victorian tradition. A description of the cortege in the Oldham Chronicle on 9 May described the scene.<ref name=chronicle>Oldham Chronicle, 9th May, 1905 </ref> After noting that the internment was at Green Acres cemetry in Oldham, the article lists the occupants of the nine carriages each 'drawn by two bay horses'. In addition to his widow and seventeen members of his close family, the cortege included Ralph Bagley and his wife, representatives of Trinity Wesleyan Church and major cotton industrialists from the town.

In his will, Benjamin left a net estate of £33,557<ref name=probate>High Court of Justice, Family Division, High Holborn, London</ref> (over £13.28m as a 2006 value using the average earnings indicator as the comparator. [http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/]) His will detailed his wishes that his private and business assets be formed into a trust for the benefit of his children and grand children. His widow and eldest son Herbert were trustees and Herbert was to take over the running of the Bagley & Wright Manufacturing partnership in place of his father.

Jakeh Travis died in 1907 and the Travis & Wright business was formally dissolved in January 1908.<ref>London Gazette, issue 28102, 24 January 1908, p34.</ref> Two years later, after the death of his wife, Joseph Wright retired. He was to live another 20-years.

== Closure - 1910 onwards ==

After the sale of Belgrave Number 1 Mill by ESCC, the new owners built three new mills on the site. These were erected in 1907, 1910 and 1914 respectively. Number 3 Mill was the first in Oldham to be powered entirely by electricity.<ref name=duncan/>

In 1919, Herbert Wright re-formed and consolidated the independent (non-ESCC) Bagley & Wright Manufacturing operation into a Limited Company (Bagley & Wright Manufacturing Company (1919) Limited). In 1924 this company was dissolved and the assets sold.<ref>London Gazette, issue 32969, 29 August 1924, p6528.</ref> Herbert died on 10 October 1934 leaving net personal assets of ££27,509<ref name=probate/> (£5.08m in 2006 using the average earnings calculator[http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/]).

In 1927, Bagley & Wright Limited (the ESCC business) was still being quoted on the Oldham Stock Exchange. At this time, the business had 200,000 x £1 shares that were valued at 14 shillings and 9 pence (not a good sign!). Its capital value was £151,753 and 'loan owner’ claims stood at £123,568. Liabilities were £56,918 and the profit and loss account showed a deficit of £86,512.

==See also==
*[[History of Oldham]]
*[[Platt Brothers]]
*[[Glodwick]]


[[Category:2008 in professional wrestling]]
== References ==
[[Category:Cyber Sunday]]
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Sports in Phoenix, Arizona]]


[[Category:History of Oldham]]
[[nl:Cyber Sunday (2008)]]
[[pt:Cyber Sunday (2008)]]
[[Category:Textile manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Oldham]]

Revision as of 17:28, 13 October 2008

Template:Future

Cyber Sunday (2008)
PromotionWorld Wrestling Entertainment
Brand(s)Raw
SmackDown
ECW
DateOctober 26, 2008
CityPhoenix, Arizona
VenueUS Airways Center
Pay-per-view chronology
← Previous
No Mercy (2008) 		Next →
Survivor Series (2008)
Cyber Sunday chronology
← Previous
Cyber Sunday (2007) 		Next →
TBD

Cyber Sunday (2008) will be a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which is scheduled to take place on October 26, 2008 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. It will be the fifth such event, but the third under the Cyber Sunday name, and will feature wrestlers from the Raw, ECW, and SmackDown brands.[2] As of October 10, 2008, three professional wrestling matches are scheduled on the event's card.

Background

Cyber Sunday is an interactive pay-per-view that allows fans to decide matches, stipulations, and/or opponents.

The main feud on Raw is between the World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho (Chris Irvine) and the number one contender, Batista (Dave Bautista). In this match, the fans will choose the special guest referee; the options include Randy Orton, Shawn Michaels (Michael Hickenbottom), and Stone Cold Steve Austin (Steve Williams).

Another storyline on Raw is to decide who will face Santino Marella (Anthony Carelli) for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. The fans will choose from three past wrestlers: "Rowdy" Roddy Piper (Roderick Toombs), Goldust (Dustin Runnels), or The Honky Tonk Man (Roy Ferris).

The main feud on SmackDown! is for the WWE Championship between Champion Triple H (Paul Levesque), and two challengers Jeff Hardy, and Vladimir Kozlov (Oleg Prudius). In this match, the fans will decide if Triple H will wrestle Hardy, Kozlov, or both in a Triple Threat Match.

Matches

Match Stipulation Vote for:
Chris Jericho (c) vs. Batista[3] Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship; fans vote for guest referee Randy Orton
Shawn Michaels
Steve Austin
Santino Marella (c) vs. TBD [4] Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship; fans vote for Marella's opponent Roddy Piper
Goldust
The Honky Tonk Man
Triple H (c) vs. TBD [5] Singles match or Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship; fans vote for Triple H's opponent(s) Vladimir Kozlov
Jeff Hardy
Both
(c) - refers to the champion heading into the match

See also

References

  1. ^ No Mercy (PPV). World Wrestling Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ "Greatest Moments in Pay-Per-View History". WWE Magazine: 64–65. 2007. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Preview:World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho vs. Batista (WWE Universe chooses referee)". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-10-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ "Preview:Intercontinental Championship Match (WWE Universe chooses Santino Marella's opponent)". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  5. ^ "Preview:WWE Championship Match (WWE Universie chooses Triple H's opponent)(s)". World Wrestling Entertainment. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-11.

External links

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