Fort de Châtillon: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 48°47′26″N 2°16′34″E / 48.7906°N 2.27611°E / 48.7906; 2.27611
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{{infobox military structure
{{infobox military installation
|name = Fort de Châtillon
|name = Fort de Châtillon
|native_name =
|native_name =
|partof = [[Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries|Fortifications of Paris]], [[Séré de Rivières system]]
|partof = [[Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries|Fortifications of Paris]], [[Séré de Rivières system]]
|location = [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]], [[France]]
|location = [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]], [[France]]
|image = Plan fortifications place de Paris.JPG
|image =
⚫
|caption = German post card showing the fortifications of Paris
|caption =
|map_type = France
|map_type = France Paris and inner ring
|latitude = 48.79056
|longitude = 2.27611
|map_size = 300
|map_size = 300
|map_alt =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|map_caption =
|type = Fort
|type = Fort
|coordinates =
|coordinates = {{coord|48.7906|2.27611|scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
|code =
|code =
|built = {{Start date|1870}}
|built = {{Start date|1870}}
Line 29: Line 27:
|commanders =
|commanders =
|occupants = CEN-FAR
|occupants = CEN-FAR
|battles = [[Siege of Paris]]
|battles = [[Siege of Paris (1870-1871)|Siege of Paris]]
|events =
|events =
|image2 =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
|caption2 =
}}
}}

⚫
[[File:Plan fortifications place de Paris.JPG|thumb|right|300px|German post card showing the fortifications of Paris]]


The '''Fort de Châtillon''' was a fortification located about {{convert|5|km|mi}} south of [[Paris]] in the communes of [[Châtillon (Hauts-de-Seine)|Châtillon-sous-Bagneux]] and [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]]. It was built in 1874 and was razed beginning in 1957, making way for expansion of the French nuclear research facility at Fontenay-aux-Roses.
The '''Fort de Châtillon''' was a fortification located about {{convert|5|km|mi}} south of [[Paris]] in the communes of [[Châtillon (Hauts-de-Seine)|Châtillon-sous-Bagneux]] and [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]]. It was built in 1874 and was razed beginning in 1957, making way for expansion of the French nuclear research facility at Fontenay-aux-Roses.


The fort is named for the town it was designed to protect, Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, but the greater portion of the site is actually within Fontenay-aux-Roses. The main entry and the portions in Châtillon were destroyed at the end of the [[Second World War]].
The fort was named for the town it was designed to protect, Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, but the greater portion of the site is actually within Fontenay-aux-Roses. The main entry and the portions in Châtillon were destroyed at the end of the [[Second World War]].


== History ==
== History ==
The site was first fortified during the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870, when the redoubt of Châtillon was built by the inhabitants of the town. The works allowed the French to slow the Prussian advance on the capital and was the scene of violent combat. After the war the site was selected for further fortification as part of the [[Séré de Rivières system]] ring of fortifications around Paris. Construction on the new pentagonal fort started in 1874, not far from the old redoubt. Unlike other Parisian fortifications, the new fort was designed for action in all directions, as the location commanded much of the surrounding region. The barracks, believed to have been in three levels, were located at the center, surrounded by walls defended by a ditch and [[caponier]]s. The fort featured a number of internal traverses, mounded dikes intended as shelters against low-angle shellfire from a variety of directions.<ref name="fortiffbe1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/iff/index.php?p=1046|title=Châtillon (fort de)|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|coauthors=Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie|year=2010|work=Index de la fortification française 1874-1914|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
The site was first fortified during the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870, when the redoubt of Châtillon was built by the inhabitants of the town. The works allowed the French to slow the Prussian advance on the capital and was the scene of violent combat. After the war the site was selected for further fortification as part of the [[Séré de Rivières system]] ring of fortifications around Paris. Construction on the new pentagonal fort started in 1874, not far from the old redoubt. Unlike other Parisian fortifications, the new fort was designed for action in all directions, as the location commanded much of the surrounding region. The barracks, believed to have been in three levels, were located at the center, surrounded by walls defended by a ditch and [[caponier]]s. The fort featured a number of internal traverses, mounded dikes intended as shelters against low-angle shellfire from a variety of directions.<ref name="fortiffbe1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/iff/index.php?p=1046|title=Châtillon (fort de)|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean |author2=Aublet, Jean-Louis |author3=Mainguin, Sylvie|year=2010|work=Index de la fortification française 1874-1914|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>


Nearby was the ''Coupure de Châtillon'', a fortified ditch about {{convert|150|m|ft}} to the northeast of the Fort de Châtillon, defended by artillery batteries. With the Fort de Châtillon, the defenses denied the use of the Châtillon hill to an enemy who might dominate the nearby Forts de [[Fort de Montrouge|Montrouge]], [[Fort d'Issy|Issy]] and [[Fort de Vanves|Vanves]]. The ''coupure'' consisted of eighteen traverses covered by artillery and defended by [[caponier]]s in the ditch. The entire fortification has vanished with the encroachment of urbanization.<ref name="fortiffbe2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/iff/index.php?p=1045|title=Châtillon (coupure de)|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|coauthors=Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie|year=2010|work=Index de la fortification française 1874-1914|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
Nearby was the ''Coupure de Châtillon'', a fortified ditch about {{convert|150|m|ft}} to the northeast of the Fort de Châtillon, defended by artillery batteries. With the Fort de Châtillon, the defenses denied the use of the Châtillon hill to an enemy who might dominate the nearby Forts de [[Fort de Montrouge|Montrouge]], [[Fort d'Issy|Issy]] and [[Fort de Vanves|Vanves]]. The ''coupure'' consisted of eighteen traverses covered by artillery and defended by [[caponier]]s in the ditch. The entire fortification has vanished with the encroachment of urbanization.<ref name="fortiffbe2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/iff/index.php?p=1045|title=Châtillon (coupure de)|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean |author2=Aublet, Jean-Louis |author3=Mainguin, Sylvie|year=2010|work=Index de la fortification française 1874-1914|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>


The fort saw no particular action during the Second World War. After the [[French Liberation]], accused collaborators [[Joseph Darnand]] and [[Jean Hérold-Paquis]] were executed by firing squad at the fort.<ref name="CRD1">{{cite web|url=http://www.clg-doisneau-gonesse.ac-versailles.fr/spip.php?article284|title=Nazis et collaborateurs devant leurs juges|year=2009|publisher=Collège Robert Doisneau de Gonesse|language=French|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="TWAW1">{{cite web|url=http://www.schudak.de/timelines/france-theaftermathofliberation1945-1998.html|title=FRANCE&nbsp;— The Aftermath of Liberation Timeline|publisher=The World at War|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
The fort saw no particular action during the Second World War. After the [[French Liberation]], convicted collaborators [[Joseph Darnand]] and [[Jean Hérold-Paquis]] were executed by firing squad at the fort.<ref name="CRD1">{{cite web|url=http://www.clg-doisneau-gonesse.ac-versailles.fr/spip.php?article284|title=Nazis et collaborateurs devant leurs juges|year=2009|publisher=Collège Robert Doisneau de Gonesse|language=fr|access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="TWAW1">{{cite web|url=http://www.schudak.de/timelines/france-theaftermathofliberation1945-1998.html|title=FRANCE&nbsp;— The Aftermath of Liberation Timeline|publisher=The World at War|access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>


After the war the fort changed vocation to serve the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]], the French atomic energy agency (CEA), and was the site of [[Zoé (reactor)|Zoé]], the first French nuclear reactor.<ref name="fortiffbe1"/><ref name="cia1">{{cite journal|last=Office of Scientific Intelligence|date=13 November 1959|title=TheFrench Nuclear Weapons Program|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/wizards/osi_pdf/the_french_nu.pdf}}</ref> The Châtillon site was quickly superseded by a new atomic research facility at Saclay, which opened in 1952.
After the war the fort changed vocation to serve the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]], the French atomic energy agency (CEA), and was the site of [[Zoé (reactor)|Zoé]], the first French nuclear reactor.<ref name="fortiffbe1"/><ref name="cia1">{{cite journal|last=Office of Scientific Intelligence|date=13 November 1959|title=TheFrench Nuclear Weapons Program|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/wizards/osi_pdf/the_french_nu.pdf|access-date=29 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121024/http://www.foia.cia.gov/wizards/osi_pdf/the_french_nu.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Châtillon site was quickly superseded by a new atomic research facility at Saclay, which opened in 1952.


== Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (CEN-FAR) ==
== Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (CEN-FAR) ==
In 1957 the Fort de Châtillon changed its name to the ''Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses''. Only the entry and some buildings of the old fort were saved. The rest was demolished between 1957 and 1970. From 1974 the site housed a [[tokamak]] fusion reactor prototype, the [[Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses|TFR]]. It became difficult to maintain such activities in the densely populated area, and Zoé was shut down in 1977. The site became more oriented to other areas of nuclear research, particularly in the areas of radiation protection and nuclear waste management. The site also accommodates administrative services of the CEA. A 1996 fire in the administration building precipitated a change in use. A portion of the building that housed Zoé became the Museum of the Atom, while the remainder was dedicated to research into the life sciences.<ref name="CEA1">{{cite web|url=http://www-dsv.cea.fr/dsv/le-centre-de-fontenay-aux-roses/actualites/une-cli-pour-accompagner-la-denuclearisation-du-site|title=Une CLI pour accompagner la dénucléarisation du site |publisher=CEA|language=French|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="CEA2">{{cite web|url=http://www-dsv.cea.fr/dsv/le-centre-de-fontenay-aux-roses/actions-pedagogiques/les-enfants-du-patrimoine-br-venez-visiter-zoe|title=Les Enfants du patrimoine: venez visiter Zoé ! |date=20 August 2009|publisher=CEA|language=French|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
In 1957 the Fort de Châtillon changed its name to the ''Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses''. Only the entry and some buildings of the old fort were saved. The rest was demolished between 1957 and 1970. From 1974 the site housed a [[tokamak]] fusion reactor prototype, the [[Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses|TFR]]. It became difficult to maintain such activities in the densely populated area, and Zoé was shut down in 1977. The site became more oriented to other areas of nuclear research, particularly in the areas of radiation protection and nuclear waste management. The site also accommodates administrative services of the CEA. A 1996 fire in the administration building precipitated a change in use. A portion of the building that housed Zoé became the Museum of the Atom, while the remainder was dedicated to research into the life sciences.<ref name="CEA1">{{cite web|url=http://www-dsv.cea.fr/dsv/le-centre-de-fontenay-aux-roses/actualites/une-cli-pour-accompagner-la-denuclearisation-du-site|title=Une CLI pour accompagner la dénucléarisation du site|publisher=CEA|language=fr|access-date=29 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427002425/http://www-dsv.cea.fr/dsv/le-centre-de-fontenay-aux-roses/actualites/une-cli-pour-accompagner-la-denuclearisation-du-site|archive-date=27 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CEA2">{{cite web|url=http://www-dsv.cea.fr/dsv/le-centre-de-fontenay-aux-roses/actions-pedagogiques/les-enfants-du-patrimoine-br-venez-visiter-zoe|title=Les Enfants du patrimoine: venez visiter Zoé !|date=20 August 2009|publisher=CEA|language=fr|access-date=29 April 2010}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Several buildings on the site remain dedicated to the ''Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire'' (Nuclear Safety Authority) (ASN) and the ''[[Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire|Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire]]'' (Institute for Protection and Safety against Nuclear Radiation) (IRSN). The site is no longer spoken of as the "Fort" or "Annex", but as CEN-FAR or IRSN Fontenay-aux-Roses.
Several buildings on the site remain dedicated to the ''Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire'' (Nuclear Safety Authority) (ASN) and the ''[[Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire|Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire]]'' (Institute for Protection and Safety against Nuclear Radiation) (IRSN). The site is no longer spoken of as the "Fort" or "Annex", but as CEN-FAR or IRSN Fontenay-aux-Roses.
Line 61: Line 57:
* [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]]
* [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]]
* [[Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries]]
* [[Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries]]

== Source ==
* ''This article incorporates text translated from [[:fr:Fort de Châtillon|the corresponding French Wikipedia article]] as of April 26, 2010''.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 70: Line 63:
== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.cea.fr/le_cea/les_centres_cea/fontenay_aux_roses CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses]
* [http://www.cea.fr/le_cea/les_centres_cea/fontenay_aux_roses CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses]

{{Nuclear power in France}}

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatillon, Fort De}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatillon, Fort De}}
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[[Category:Séré de Rivières system]]
[[Category:Séré de Rivières system]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in France]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in France]]
[[Category:Nuclear energy in France]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of France]]
[[Category:Nuclear research centers]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hauts-de-Seine]]

[[Category:Execution sites in France]]
[[fr:Fort de Châtillon]]

Latest revision as of 12:08, 17 July 2023

Fort de Châtillon
Part of Fortifications of Paris, Séré de Rivières system
Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
German post card showing the fortifications of Paris
Fort de Châtillon is located in Paris and inner ring
Fort de Châtillon
Fort de Châtillon
Coordinates48°47′26″N 2°16′34″E / 48.7906°N 2.27611°E / 48.7906; 2.27611
TypeFort
Site information
OwnerCentre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses
Controlled byFrance
ConditionDemolished
Site history
Built1870 (1870)
MaterialsStone, brick
Demolished1957-1977
Battles/warsSiege of Paris
Garrison information
OccupantsCEN-FAR

The Fort de Châtillon was a fortification located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Paris in the communes of Châtillon-sous-Bagneux and Fontenay-aux-Roses. It was built in 1874 and was razed beginning in 1957, making way for expansion of the French nuclear research facility at Fontenay-aux-Roses.

The fort was named for the town it was designed to protect, Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, but the greater portion of the site is actually within Fontenay-aux-Roses. The main entry and the portions in Châtillon were destroyed at the end of the Second World War.

History[edit]

The site was first fortified during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, when the redoubt of Châtillon was built by the inhabitants of the town. The works allowed the French to slow the Prussian advance on the capital and was the scene of violent combat. After the war the site was selected for further fortification as part of the Séré de Rivières system ring of fortifications around Paris. Construction on the new pentagonal fort started in 1874, not far from the old redoubt. Unlike other Parisian fortifications, the new fort was designed for action in all directions, as the location commanded much of the surrounding region. The barracks, believed to have been in three levels, were located at the center, surrounded by walls defended by a ditch and caponiers. The fort featured a number of internal traverses, mounded dikes intended as shelters against low-angle shellfire from a variety of directions.[1]

Nearby was the Coupure de Châtillon, a fortified ditch about 150 metres (490 ft) to the northeast of the Fort de Châtillon, defended by artillery batteries. With the Fort de Châtillon, the defenses denied the use of the Châtillon hill to an enemy who might dominate the nearby Forts de Montrouge, Issy and Vanves. The coupure consisted of eighteen traverses covered by artillery and defended by caponiers in the ditch. The entire fortification has vanished with the encroachment of urbanization.[2]

The fort saw no particular action during the Second World War. After the French Liberation, convicted collaborators Joseph Darnand and Jean Hérold-Paquis were executed by firing squad at the fort.[3][4]

After the war the fort changed vocation to serve the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, the French atomic energy agency (CEA), and was the site of Zoé, the first French nuclear reactor.[1][5] The Châtillon site was quickly superseded by a new atomic research facility at Saclay, which opened in 1952.

Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (CEN-FAR)[edit]

In 1957 the Fort de Châtillon changed its name to the Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses. Only the entry and some buildings of the old fort were saved. The rest was demolished between 1957 and 1970. From 1974 the site housed a tokamak fusion reactor prototype, the TFR. It became difficult to maintain such activities in the densely populated area, and Zoé was shut down in 1977. The site became more oriented to other areas of nuclear research, particularly in the areas of radiation protection and nuclear waste management. The site also accommodates administrative services of the CEA. A 1996 fire in the administration building precipitated a change in use. A portion of the building that housed Zoé became the Museum of the Atom, while the remainder was dedicated to research into the life sciences.[6][7]

Several buildings on the site remain dedicated to the Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire (Nuclear Safety Authority) (ASN) and the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (Institute for Protection and Safety against Nuclear Radiation) (IRSN). The site is no longer spoken of as the "Fort" or "Annex", but as CEN-FAR or IRSN Fontenay-aux-Roses.

Other Forts de Châtillon[edit]

Other Forts de Châtillon include one at Châtillon-le-Duc near Besançon, as well as a Fort de Châtillon at Boulogne-sur-Mer built in the 16th century.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis; Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Châtillon (fort de)". Index de la fortification française 1874-1914 (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  2. ^ Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis; Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Châtillon (coupure de)". Index de la fortification française 1874-1914 (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  3. ^ "Nazis et collaborateurs devant leurs juges" (in French). Collège Robert Doisneau de Gonesse. 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  4. ^ "FRANCE — The Aftermath of Liberation Timeline". The World at War. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  5. ^ Office of Scientific Intelligence (13 November 1959). "TheFrench Nuclear Weapons Program" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ "Une CLI pour accompagner la dénucléarisation du site" (in French). CEA. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  7. ^ "Les Enfants du patrimoine: venez visiter Zoé !" (in French). CEA. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010.[permanent dead link]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_de_Châtillon&oldid=1165788757"