Orano

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Orano

logo
legal form SA
founding 2001 (Areva)
2017 (Orano)
Seat Paris , FranceFranceFrance 
management Philippe Knoche (Directeur Général)
Number of employees 16,000
sales EUR 3,926 million (2015)
Branch Power plant technology
Website orano.group

The Orano Group, headquartered in Paris, is a state-owned industrial group that manufactures and sells nuclear equipment and fuel and emerged from the formerly listed Areva Group. The group is majority owned by the French state.

Due to high losses on various projects, the former Areva Group was fundamentally restructured from 2017 and recapitalized by the French state with EUR 2.5 billion; At the turn of the year 2017/18, EdF took over 75.5% of the previous reactor business, which had previously been outsourced under the name Areva NP and which has since operated under the historical name Framatome . The remaining core business was transferred to a new company that has been called Orano since January 2018. Remaining activities in the area of ​​reactor construction, such as the construction of the EPR Olkiluoto III reactor, which is affected by cost overruns and delays , will remain with the old company Areva. Areva is responsible for handling the remaining legacy projects. The remaining free shareholders of Areva were forcibly bought out by squeeze-out in August 2017 and the listing was discontinued.

history

Established as Areva

Areva was created in 2001 through the merger of the state-owned CEA industry , Cogema , Framatome ANP and FCI ; it was made public on November 30, 2000. The then President Anne Lauvergeon chose the name Areva by chance from a list of Spanish monasteries.

Cogema operated the La Hague (F) reprocessing plant and was active in the nuclear fuel chain in the areas of manufacture, transport, reprocessing and disposal ; it also owned interests in gold mines in Australia and the Ivory Coast .

Takeovers and Cooperations

At the end of 2003, a consortium of Areva and Siemens received the order from the Finnish company TVO to build a new Unit 3 of the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant . For Areva it was or is the first order to build a pressurized water nuclear reactor of the type EPR . A fixed price of around 3 billion euros was agreed for the turnkey construction.

In the spring of 2011, Siemens withdrew from its collaboration with Areva. TVO and Areva decided to arbitrate in August 2011 to set a new schedule for the approximately 80% completed project. Shortly afterwards, the cost forecast was increased from 5.7 to 6.6 billion euros. Areva had previously made a loss of 2.7 billion euros; Based on the new cost estimate, another 900 million euros had to be written off. Areva and Siemens (2011) led a legal dispute about the financial consequences of the separation and the costs caused by the delay. In 2014, Areva wrote off a further 720 million euros for the Olkiluoto EPR.

In the course of focusing on the nuclear business, the sale of the subsidiary FCI to the financial investor Bain Capital was announced on November 3, 2005 . From September 2005 Areva acquired (according to its own information to strengthen its offer in the area of ​​CO 2 -free energy generation) 21% of the shares in the wind turbine manufacturer REpower Systems and tried from January 2007 with a stake of 30.14% through a takeover offer in to come into possession of at least 50% of the shares in the wind turbine manufacturer. This failed because of higher counter-offers from the Indian Suzlon Group , and a cooperation agreement was initially reached: Areva retained its shares and continued to support REpower, and in return became its preferred provider in the field of power distribution and transmission. In June 2008 Areva sold its REpower shares to Suzlon . In 2010 Areva was able to acquire the German wind turbine manufacturer Multibrid instead and integrated it into its group structure as 'Areva Wind'. In March 2015, Areva’s wind energy activities were reorganized into a new subsidiary, Adwen , a 50:50 joint venture with Gamesa , which, like Gamesa , is registered in Zamudio (Spain). Following a decision by the Board of Directors, which became known in September 2016, Areva intends to sell its Adwen shares to Gamesa. Areva is leaving the wind power business.

crisis

The nuclear disaster in Fukushima (since March 2011) plunged the nuclear industry into a serious crisis. The Areva boss Lauvergeon was replaced in June 2011. The French government announced that the mining engineer Luc Oursel should take her place, even though union representatives and MPs are intensely committed to a third term in office for the physicist and manager who has been successful for many years. The background was a conflict between Ms. Lauvergeon and the EdF director ( Électricité de France , French state energy company) Henri Proglio , suspected in 2010, in which she prevented a breakup of Areva and the takeover of the leadership of the French nuclear industry by EdF would have.

In autumn 2011, Areva announced drastic savings plans: they wanted to cut 800 jobs at three of its locations in Germany ( Lingen (Ems) , Offenbach , Erlangen ), close a factory in Dessel (Belgium) and build a fuel element enrichment factory in Eagle Rock (USA) and uranium mining projects in Niger and Namibia are postponed or abandoned. In October 2011, the previous head of Germany, Ulrich Gräber, announced his resignation. The factory in Dessel was not closed (as of the end of 2016).

At the end of 2014 Areva announced that the group was making losses; the profit forecast for 2015 and 2016 has been withdrawn. As a result, the share price collapsed by 20%. The background to this were delays in the construction of the new nuclear power plants in Olkiluoto and Flamanville , whose construction times were a few years longer than planned and whose construction costs were three times as high (each around EUR 9 billion instead of around EUR 3 billion). In addition, the global crisis in the nuclear energy industry, the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the nuclear phase-out caused new orders to collapse; a new power plant project had last been agreed seven years earlier. In order to save the group from bankruptcy, the French state should take over further shares in the amount of 2 billion euros, and deficit parts of the group are to be outsourced.

In spring 2015 it was announced that the Offenbach location will be closed until mid-2016 and that the jobs will be relocated to Erlangen and Karlstein. The relocation was completed in June 2016.

Areva restructuring and demerger

Former Areva logo

On March 1, 2017, Areva announced figures for the 2016 balance sheet (including losses of EUR 665 million / EUR 932 million); they want to sign a protocole d'accord ( e.g. framework agreement) with EdF in the second quarter of 2017 to assign New NP to EdF. The Areva Group was finally split into three parts in 2017: New Areva , since January 2018 Orano with the uranium mines and fuel cycles division; Areva NP , since the beginning of 2018 again under the old name Framatome , as a wholly owned subsidiary of EdF with responsibility for reactors and their supply of fuel and the remaining group Areva SA , which is supposed to carry and handle the financial burdens from previous projects. As part of the restructuring, the French state subscribed to a capital increase for Orano of EUR 2.5 billion in July 2017; this was supplemented in January by a further capital increase of EUR 500 million, which was subscribed by Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited (JNFL) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). MHI and JNFL each hold 5% of Orano.

Orano business areas

Uranium mining

The exploration and mining of uranium ore , its processing into uranium oxide and other products as well as the recultivation of the mining fields.

"Front End" ( beginning of the production chain )

Uranium chemistry, enrichment (for example with Eurodif in the Tricastin nuclear plant )

"Back end"

Fuel processing and enrichment, logistics, dismantling

Reprocessing of nuclear material

From the La Hague reprocessing plant operated by Areva, 400 cubic meters of radioactive wastewater approved daily are discharged into the English Channel via a four and a half kilometer long pipe .

Transport, storage of radioactive waste

Areva operates the Castor transports from the French processing plant for radioactive substances La Hague to the German intermediate nuclear waste storage facility at the Gorleben site . On behalf of Électricité de France , Areva has been transporting 108 tons of depleted uranium from France to Siberia every year since the mid-1990s . In total, around 13 percent of French nuclear waste is stored in open-air containers in the Siberian city of Seversk, which is inaccessible to the public .

"Corporate & other operations"

Areva Med

Areva Med is focused on developing therapies to fight cancer.

Bioenergy

Areva's range of biomass plants ranges from 5 MW to 50 MW of electrical output. When using combined heat and power , a thermal / electrical power output of up to 200 MW is achieved. Integrated systems are offered for energy storage using hydrogen , which produce hydrogen from electricity, store it and convert it back into electricity via a fuel cell . It is planned to shut down the bioenergy business once ongoing projects have been completed.

Activities of the Areva Group that were outsourced as part of the restructuring

Framatome (formerly Areva NP)

On December 22, 2017, Areva and EDF announced that EDF would acquire 75.5% of Areva NP from Areva on January 1, 2018 at a valuation of EUR 2.47 billion; at the same time Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Assystem acquired 19.5% and 5% of the capital, respectively. A part of the former Areva NP remains with Areva (the contracts for the EPR Olkiluoto 3 project and the resources required to carry out the project, as well as certain contracts for components forged in the Le Creusot plant) under the name NICE and deals with the design and construction of new nuclear plants and I&C systems

EPR in Olkiluoto

The contracts for the EPR Olkiluoto 3 project and the resources required to carry out the project, as well as certain contracts for components forged at the Le Creusot plant, will remain within Areva NP in the area of ​​Areva SA.

The construction of the EPR in Olkiluoto is accompanied by problems: the turnkey construction, agreed upon, will be at least 2.3 billion euros more expensive than planned, and completion will be delayed by at least three years. Areva blames the requirements of the supervisory authority or requirements of the client for this; legal disputes are pending.

Reactors, services and the manufacture of fuel assemblies

Design and manufacture of reactors, power plants and equipment, modernization, testing, maintenance, manufacture of fuel elements Areva, through its subsidiary Technicatome, is in the supply business for nuclear power plants as well as in the areas of control , regulation , measurement and safety equipment and the construction of nuclear-powered watercraft involved. With the takeover of part of Siemens' nuclear power business , Areva has advanced to become the largest integrated supplier of nuclear power technology and services. The French government planned twice to privatize the company. However, the project was withdrawn both times. The group offered two different reactor types: the pressurized water reactor EPR ( European pressurized water reactor ) and the boiling water reactor KERENA. In February 2011, four EPRs were under construction (in the Olkiluoto and Flamanville power plants , two blocks in Taishan ), no construction contracts had been received for KERENA.

Inspection and Maintenance

Areva NDE Solutions (IntelligeNDT) examines and maintains power plants in operation. After the nuclear disaster in Fukushima , Areva experts and equipment were involved, and an offer of help from the French government at the time was received the day after the disaster began.

Areva TA

The Areva TA business unit (French: activité Propulsion et Réacteurs de recherche ) designs, manufactures and maintains marine propulsion nuclear reactors.

International presence

Europe

Germany

Areva's atomic partner was the Siemens group, with which they had been working together since 2002 in the construction of nuclear power plants in the Areva NP joint venture . Areva did not want to accept the premature exit from a contract and the proposed deal with the Russian company Rosatom , so Areva sued Siemens for breach of contract. The decision of the court of arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, which was called upon, stated that the group had to transfer over 700 million euros (648 million euros plus interest ) to Areva. The accusation against Siemens was based on the violation of the contracts of the joint venture and the non- compete clause contained therein.

Asia

India

In Jaitapur, India, Electricité de France (EDF) and GE Power as part of the General Electric Company want (as of 2019) for the Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ltd. (NPCIL ) build the world's largest nuclear power plant ( Jaitapur nuclear power plant ) in an earthquake region . Project opponents are harassed and persecuted. In the hinterland of Jaitapur in the state of Maharashtra, within a “ biodiversity center ” that is one of the ten most important in the world, six 1,650 megawatt reactors are to be built by Areva. This means the uprooting of around 40,000 people whose livelihoods are based on resources of the ecosystem: rice, millet, lentils, vegetables, herbs, fish and fruits. The government of the state of Maharashtra is sponsoring the project. Prime Minister Prithviraj Chavan was once the minister of state in India's central government responsible for nuclear technology. He is part of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, which is also the political oversight of the NPC.

On February 27, 2011, Chavan traveled to Jaitapur to promote the benefits of the project at a public meeting. Shortly after Chavan's visit, the police arrested 22 activists who have been charged with crimes including attempted murder. Le Monde diplomatique reports peaceful protests; the arrests were intended to intimidate activists and prevent them from doing their regular jobs through lengthy legal procedures. The newspaper reported that more than 95% of people whose land the government took over under the colonial-era expropriation law turned down the compensation offered. Most of those who accepted the money did not live in the area.

Jaitapur lies in a seismologically critical category IV zone. Earthquakes up to magnitude 7 on the Richter scale are possible here. “In the last 20 years alone, the region has been shaken by three earthquakes of magnitude 5 and above,” writes Greenpeace . “In 1993, there was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake here, killing around 9,000 people. And in 2009 the bridge in front of Jaitapur collapsed in an earthquake. The Times of India reported that the Jaitapur area shook 92 times between 1985 and 2005. The strongest quake in 1993 reached 6.2 on the Richter scale.

A demonstrator was shot dead during a demonstration against the construction project. Maharashtra State Interior Minister RR Patil told the regional parliament that the man was killed when 600 to 700 demonstrators stormed a local police station. The crowd ransacked the station and set police vehicles on fire. Since it did not disperse despite shooting in the air, the officers were forced to fire live ammunition into the crowd.

Japan

As the Frankfurter Rundschau reports, Areva has postponed a planned delivery of nuclear fuel to the damaged Japanese nuclear power plant in Fukushima. The head of the French company, Anne Lauvergeon , justified this with the disaster in Japan. As in 2010, Areva should have sent a shipment of MOX fuel elements to the local operator Tepco in April . The mixture of plutonium and uranium was used in 21 French and ten German nuclear reactors , but also in Japan. It is more energetic than normal nuclear fuel, but releases more radioactive substances in the event of an accident and requires more cooling water because of the great heat it develops. The Japanese business accounts for seven percent of the total turnover of 11 billion euros (as of 2011).

Africa

Southern Africa

Areva explores and mines uranium in Namibia and South Africa . The headquarters for southern Africa were relocated from Johannesburg to Swakopmund in early 2011 .

Niger

In the north of the West African Niger , the poorest country in the world after the poverty scale of the United Nations , promote Areva NC ( Areva Niger ) and its subsidiaries Cominak and Somaïr since 1968 more than 100,000 tons of uranium. The group is the largest employer in the country, and the uranium mine is the largest in the world. Around the cities of Arlit and Akokan , around 35 million tons of overburden are now to be piled up, and some 100,000 tons, according to Areva, are expected to be added annually. Critics accuse Areva of endangering the health of the miners when extracting uranium in Arlit and of radioactively contaminating and polluting the area.

The Tuareg Almoustapha Alhacen founded the organization Aghirin Man (dt. Protection of the soul ) in 2001 when he noticed that many workers in the uranium mines were dying of mysterious diseases. From Areva’s own local hospital, a. Diagnosed with AIDS or tuberculosis , but never with occupational cancer . Cancer was only diagnosed in patients who did not work in open pit mines. However, in 2009, Frenchman Serge Venel died of lung cancer after being diagnosed by a French doctor . He had worked in the pit for seven years.

In a questionnaire, most of the former workers stated that they wore shirts and shorts to work. There were no protective gloves or a dosimeter .

In 2003, a nuclear physicist from the French radiation research institute CRIIRAD paid a visit to the country for the first time: he found radioactive scrap metal and, in some cases, heavily radioactive drinking water on the local markets.

In November 2009, Greenpeace employees took samples near the uranium opencast mines : A sand sample from the Akokan opencast mine contained 100 times more radioactive material than normal sand. In the streets of Akokan, radiation was 500 times higher than normal. Of five water samples, four were above the World Health Organization guidelines for uranium. These measurements is compared with the statement of Areva, after which the annual radiation dose for the population lower than with a chest radiograph was .

Because the true health of the miners is kept secret and the population is insufficiently informed about the health risks, Areva was awarded the negative Public Eye Award twice in 2008 : in the categories "People" (Internet polls) and "Global". Areva denies some of the allegations.

Uranium mining also causes political problems in Niger: the Tuareg live in the north, the Haussa in the south . The money that Areva pays the state stays in the capital in the south. Nothing arrives at the Tuareg in the north, where the uranium is mined. In the north, there is also a risk of uranium smuggling by rebels. The only 30-year-old state coal-fired power station in Niger's SONICHAR supplies 85% of its fossil energy for the production of the so-called yellow cake ( uranium cake ): depending on the uranium content, over 1 t of rock must be processed to extract 800 g of uranium. The water for cooling, lubrication, for binding the uranium-containing, radioactive dust, etc. is extracted from fossil water resources. Former President Niger's Tandja Mamadou once threatened to sell the country's uranium to Iran ; The sale of the raw material for the country itself is more of a loss-making business due to the high extraction costs: profit is primarily the result of further processing and the integration of the end product, which is becoming more and more expensive due to the excessive demand, in the value chain: the profit is the Areva in the first half of 2010 five and a half times the income of the state of Niger in the whole of 2009 (excluding development aid). In view of the changing cost-benefit ratio, Areva intends to put the Imouraren open pit mine into operation in 2013 .

Remoteness and uranium mining make the region interesting for Islamist terrorists . On September 16, 2010, five French people working for Areva as well as a Togolese and a Madagascan were allegedly kidnapped by Al-Qaida in the Maghreb in Arlit . The four French were released on October 30, 2013 and were able to return to France. According to a report from December 2013, Areva covers the enormous water requirements for uranium mining from the groundwater and then simply discharges the contaminated wastewater into nearby lakes and rivers. According to a Greenpeace report, the radiation level in four out of five water samples tested was above the maximum dose recommended by the World Health Authority for drinking water.

Former business areas of the Areva Group

Power transmission and distribution

By 2010, also an area owned T & D ( Transmission and Distribution , dt. Transmission and distribution ) to the Areva Group, so that the chain of offers from the electricity to the end user was closed. 22,000 people worldwide work in T&D. It had to be sold at the instigation of the French government. The company Alstom and Schneider Electric acquired jointly Areva T & D . Then Alstom took over about 2/3 of the purchase comprehensive division energy transfer as a range Alstom Grid , Schneider Electric, the division energy distribution initially under the name of Areva D .

Wind energy

Areva M5000 in alpha ventus

2007 Areva took over 51% of the shares of the German offshore - wind turbine manufacturer Multibrid GmbH based in Bremerhaven of Prokon Nord Energiesysteme . In 2009, the takeover of the associated rotor blade manufacturer PN Rotor GmbH from Stade followed . In 2010 Areva took over the remaining 49% of MULTIBRID . The companies were renamed AREVA Wind GmbH and AREVA Blades GmbH . On March 9, 2015, the collaboration between Areva and the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Gamesa in the offshore sector became known. The offshore wind turbines of both companies have since been offered under the company Adwen GmbH and the rotor blade supplier has been renamed Adwen Blades GmbH . In November 2013 Areva announced the development of an 8 MW turbine with a rotor diameter of 180 meters. The series production of this system (Adwen AD 8-180) was announced for 2018. After Gamesa merged with Siemens Wind Power to form Siemens Gamesa , the Adwen platform was abandoned in 2017 in favor of Siemens technology.

Offshore wind farms with AREVA wind technology:

In 2012 the M5000 was named “Wind Turbine of the Year” in the “Offshore” category. With the sale of Adwen's stake, Areva left the wind energy business in 2016.

Nuclear metrology

On July 1, 2016, Areva sold nuclear metrology specialist Canberra to Mirion Technologies, a subsidiary of Charterhouse Capital Partners .

Solar thermal

Areva bought a solar thermal company called 'Ausra' in 2010 . This made high losses (similar to the company 'Solel' bought by Siemens in 2009). In August 2014 it became known that Areva wanted to close this business area.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ We are now Orano! , orano.group, March 31, 2018
  2. ↑ a b c Press release on the 2017 annual results, oranno.group, March 29, 2018
  3. ↑ Handelsblatt: Areva reactor business gets its old name back. In: Handelsblatt. Handelsblatt, January 4, 2018, accessed on February 1, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Nuclear company is rebuilding: Areva's core business is now called "Orano" . ( handelsblatt.com [accessed February 2, 2018]).
  5. ^ Areva: Areva SA Accompanies Areva's Corporate Restructuring. In: Areva SA Areva, accessed on March 31, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Reaktorbau Olkiluoto 3 further delayed , klimaretter.info, October 14, 2011
  7. ↑ La facture de l'EPR finlandais d'Areva dérape encore , Les Echos , October 13, 2011
  8. ↑ Senvion press release ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Areva Group acquires 21% of the share capital @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.senvion.com
  9. ↑ Areva: annonce la création d'Areva Wind (German approximately: Areva: announces the creation of Areva Wind ), actufinance.fr, May 31, 2010
  10. ^ Gamesa and Areva create the joint venture Adwen. (German: Gamesa and Areva form the Adwen joint venture.) March 9, 2015, accessed on September 26, 2015
  11. ↑ a b Atomic company puts an end to wind power. In: Handelsblatt . September 15, 2016, accessed January 27, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Areva boss Lauvergeon has to go . In: moneycab.com, Int People, International, June 17, 2011
  13. ^ Ansgar Haase (dpa): “Kung Fu Panda” replaces “Atomic Anne” , badische-zeitung.de, Wirtschaft , June 18, 2011
  14. ↑ AFP : Areva cuts 800 jobs . In: Badische Zeitung , October 20, 2011
  15. ↑ AFP : Germany boss of the French nuclear company Areva leaves  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in: thueringer-allgemeine.de, October 20, 2011, accessed on October 29, 2011@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.thueringer-allgemeine.de  
  16. ↑ FBFC: des assemblages de combustible pour REP
  17. ↑ Taxpayers should save the Areva nuclear power plant . In: Badische Zeitung , November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  18. ↑ French nuclear company Areva is bankrupt . In: Berliner Zeitung , November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  19. ↑ nuclear group Areva on the precipice . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , November 22, 2014.
  20. ↑ Areva wants to leave Offenbach . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , April 15, 2015. Accessed December 13, 2015.
  21. ↑ Marc Kuhn: Areva has moved away. In: op-online.de. July 1, 2016, accessed July 1, 2016 .
  22. ↑ Press release March 1, 2017 (French)
  23. ^ Taz.de, Leben, Medien , October 13, 2009, Reimar Paul: Documentation about nuclear waste - And the mountain of waste is constantly growing - about the TV broadcast of a documentary by the French journalist Éric Guéret (November 6, 2010)
  24. ↑ faz.net, FAZ, October 12, 2009: French nuclear waste in Siberia (accessed October 26, 2010)
  25. ↑ tagesschau.de, October 13, 2009, Siegfried Forster, DLF: France dumps nuclear waste in Russia - Radiant Siberia ( Memento from October 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Press release EDF and Areva of December 22, 2017 (English)
  27. ↑ Dinah Deckstein, Frank Dohmen, Cordula Meyer: Nuclear power: Die atom Schlamperei - science. In: Spiegel Online . October 12, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  28. ↑ Earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Areva Aid, according to the company's website
  29. ^ AREVA TA / Propulsion and research reactors Business Unit
  30. ^ The defeat of Siemens: Löscher's expensive wrong decisions
  31. ↑ taz.de April 8, 2011: Nuclear power plant with 3,000 safety defects
  32. ↑ Nuclear power plant with 3,000 safety defects
  33. ↑ Protest against mega-nuclear power plants  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / Wissen.dradio.de  
  34. ^ Fatalities in a demonstration against a nuclear power plant
  35. ↑ Areva stops atomic delivery ( Memento from March 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  36. ↑ Eer vir Swakopmund ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Die Republikein , February 2, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www. Republikein.com.na
  37. ↑ dradio.de; Deutschlandfunk, Das Feature , October 26, 2010, Bettina Rühl: The “clean” solution - From Niger and German nuclear power plants (June 13, 2011, manuscript, pp. 1, 8)
  38. ↑ Greenpeace film: Abandoned in the dust - uranium mining in Niger
  39. ↑ Contribution to the ARD program Kontraste: Uranium Mining Niger - for NPPs in Germany
  40. ↑ dradio.de; Deutschlandfunk, Das Feature , October 26, 2010, Bettina Rühl: The “clean” solution - From Niger and German nuclear power plants (June 13, 2011, manuscript, p. 24/25)
  41. ↑ a b c spiegel.de: Uranium mining in Niger - The yellow curse
  42. ↑ dradio.de; Deutschlandfunk, Das Feature , October 26, 2010, Bettina Rühl: The “clean” solution - From Niger and German nuclear power plants (June 13, 2011, manuscript, p. 11)
  43. ↑ Public Eye on Davos 2008 ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.publiceye.ch
  44. ^ Opinion from Areva ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / niger.areva.com
  45. ↑ dradio.de; Deutschlandfunk, Das Feature , October 26, 2010, Bettina Rühl: The “clean” solution - From Niger and German nuclear power plants (June 13, 2011, manuscript, pp. 13, 17)
  46. ↑ dradio.de; Deutschlandfunk, Das Feature , October 26, 2010, Bettina Rühl: The “clean” solution - From Niger and German nuclear power plants (June 13, 2011, manuscript, pp. 12/13, 15)
  47. ^ Alfred Hackensberger, Heise online : Al-Qaida and the uranium boom in Africa , published on September 25, 2010, accessed on January 12, 2012
  48. ↑ Offenbach-Post : Paris warns of new terrorist threat , published on September 17, 2010, accessed on January 12, 2012
  49. ↑ ABC : Secuestrados cinco franceses en el norte de Níger , published on September 16, 2010, accessed on January 12, 2012.
  50. ^ Michaela Wiegel: High ransom for hostages released in Niger . faz.net, October 30, 2013, accessed October 30, 2013
  51. ↑ Marvin Kumetat: Uranium Mining in Niger: The Curse of Radiant Wealth. In: Spiegel Online . December 28, 2013, accessed June 9, 2018 .
  52. ^ Sale of Areva T&D to Alstom and Schneider Electric perfect , finanzen.net, January 20, 2010
  53. ^ Adwen: Gamesa and Areva create the joint venture Adwen - Adwen. Retrieved January 11, 2016 .
  54. ↑ www.adwenoffshore.com ( Memento from April 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed April 15, 2017): The first prototype of the turbine is being installed in Bremerhaven (Germany) and serial production is expected in 2018.
  55. ↑ Siemens Gamesa delivers direct drive systems to France and takes Adwen type out of the range. In: Renewable Energies. The magazine . September 21, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017 .
  56. ^ Turbines of the year - The products that made the grade in 2012. In: Windpower Monthly . Retrieved January 25, 2018 .
  57. ↑ Completion of the sale of Canberra to Mirion ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , mirion.com, December 29, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mirion.com
  58. ↑ www.greentechmedia.com August 4, 2014 . The most recent announcement on Areva's solar website was (as of April 15, 2017) November 8, 2012.