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{{Short description|Catholic Archbishop of Paris killed in June 1848}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = archbishop
| type = archbishop
| honorific-prefix =[[The Most Reverend]]
| honorific-prefix =[[Servant of God]]
| name = Denis-Auguste Affre
| name = Denis-Auguste Affre
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Archbishop of Paris]]
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Archbishop of Paris]]
| image = Denys Affre.jpg
| image = Denys Affre.jpg
| caption = Denis Auguste Affre<br>by [[Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay]]
| caption =
| province =
| province =
| diocese =
| diocese =
Line 20: Line 20:
| cardinal =
| cardinal =
| rank =
| rank =
| other_post = [[Coadjutor Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] (1839-1840);<br>[[Titular Bishop]] of [[Soli, Cilicia|Pompeiopolis in Cilicia]] (1839–1840); [[Vicar General]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens]] and then of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon]] (1823-1833)
| other_post = [[Coadjutor Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] (1839–1840);<br>[[Titular Bishop]] of [[Soli, Cilicia|Pompeiopolis in Cilicia]] (1839–1840); [[Vicar General]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens]] and then of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon]] (1823–1833)
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1793|9|28|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1793|9|28|mf=y}}
Line 28: Line 28:
| buried = Cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], France
| buried = Cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], France
| nationality = French
| nationality = French
| religion =
| religion = [[Catholic Church]]
| residence =
| residence =
| parents =
| parents =
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| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms = Blason Famille Affre de Saint Rome.svg
}}
}}


'''Denis-Auguste Affre''' (27 September 1793 – 27 June 1848), was an [[Archbishop of Paris]] who was killed while trying to negotiate peace during the uprising of the [[French Revolution of 1848]].
'''Denis-Auguste Affre''' (27 September 1793{{snd}}27 June 1848) was a French clergyman who served as [[Archbishop of Paris]] from 1840 to 1848. He was killed while trying to negotiate peace during the [[June Days uprising]] of 1848.

His cause for [[beatification]] has commenced and he is therefore titled a [[Servant of God]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1848.htm|title=1848|publisher=Hagiography Circle|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==

===Early life and career===
===Early life and career===
Affre was born at [[Saint-Rome-de-Tarn]], in the department of [[Aveyron]]. At the age of 14, he began to study for the priesthood at the Seminary of [[Saint-Sulpice, Paris]], which was under the direction of his uncle, the [[Abbé]] Denis Boyer, [[Society of Saint-Sulpice|S.S.]] He was an excellent student, and, while still a seminarian, soon became an instructor of [[dogmatic theology]] at the seminary in [[Nantes]]. In 1818 he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] as a [[Catholic priest]]. From 1823-1833 he served as the [[Vicar General]], first of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|
Affre was born at [[Saint-Rome-de-Tarn]], in the department of [[Aveyron]]. At the age of 14, he began to study for the priesthood at the Seminary of [[Saint-Sulpice, Paris]], which was under the direction of his uncle, the [[Abbé]] Denis Boyer, [[Society of Saint-Sulpice|S.S.]] He was an excellent student, and, while still a seminarian, soon became an instructor of [[dogmatic theology]] at the seminary in [[Nantes]].<ref name=Grey>{{harvnb|Grey|1907|p=180}}</ref>
Diocese of Luçon]] and then of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Amiens]]. In 1839 he was appointed as [[coadjutor bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Strasbourg]].


In 1818, he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] as a [[Catholic priest]]. From 1823 to 1833 he served as the [[Vicar General]], first of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|Diocese of Luçon]] and then of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Amiens]]. In 1839, he was appointed as [[coadjutor bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Strasbourg]]. This post, however, he never filled, being called on to act as Vicar-Capitular of Paris, conjointly with MM. Auger and Morel, at the death of Archbishop Quélen.<ref name=Grey/>
⚫
The following year, Affre was elevated to the post of [[Archbishop of Paris]]. Though opposed to the government of King [[Louis-Philippe I]], he fully accepted the establishment of the [[French Second Republic]] in 1848,<ref name=DP /<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/645-Denis-Auguste-Affre-1840-1848.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Denis-Auguste Affre (1840-1848)}} {{fr icon}}</ref> nevertheless he took no part in politics, but devoted himself to [[pastoral care]]. He opened new [[parish]]es in the working-class neighborhoods of the city. Among them were: Ménilmontant, Plaisance, Petit-Montrouge, Maison-Blanche, Petit-Gentilly, Notre-Dame de la Gare, Billancourt, Gros-Caillou.<ref name=DP/>


⚫
Affre was elevated to the post of [[Archbishop of Paris]] in 1840. Though opposed to the government of King [[Louis-Philippe I]], he fully accepted the establishment of the [[French Second Republic]] in 1848;<ref name=DP>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/645-Denis-Auguste-Affre-1840-1848.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Denis-Auguste Affre (1840-1848)|language=fr}}</ref> nevertheless he took no part in politics, but devoted himself to [[pastoral care]]. He opened new [[parish]]es in the working-class neighborhoods of the city. Among them were Ménilmontant, Plaisance, Petit-Montrouge, Maison-Blanche, Petit-Gentilly, [[Notre-Dame de la Gare]], Billancourt, Gros-Caillou.<ref name=DP/>
⚫
Affre was passionate in his determination to improve the study of theology in order to form clergy needed in the challenges which the Catholic Church faced at the time. He also was insistent on education as a human right. He opened a new seminary in Paris, called the [[:fr:Séminaire des Carmes|St. Joseph of the Carmelites Seminary]], on the site of a former Carmelite [[priory]], and a [[school of theology]] at the [[Sorbonne]].

⚫
Affre was passionate in his determination to improve the study of theology in order to form clergy needed in the challenges which the Catholic Church faced at the time. He also was insistent on education as a human right. He opened a new seminary in Paris, called the [[:fr:Séminaire des Carmes|St. Joseph of the Carmelites Seminary]], on the site of a former Carmelite [[priory]], and a [[school of theology]] at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]].


===Death===
===Death===
Affre's episcopate, however, is chiefly remembered owing to its tragic close during the [[insurrection of June 1848]].
Affre's episcopate, however, is chiefly remembered owing to its tragic close during the [[insurrection of June 1848]].


On 23 June of that year, faced with starvation due to plans by the French government to close the [[National Workshops]] it had recently created in order to provide work to the poor, a large segment of the citizenry began rioting, setting up barricades in the streets of Paris. The crisis led to the government's handing dictatorial powers over the nation to General [[Louis Eugène Cavaignac]], who was determined to use all force necessary to crush the rebellion and ordered the [[National Guard (France)|French National Guard]] into Paris. Seeing the carnage caused among the civilian population caused by this campaign, [[Frederic Ozanam]], the founder of the [[Society of St. Vincent de Paul]], begged Affre to intervene to stop the bloodshed. The archbishop was led to believe that by his personal involvement peace might be restored between the military and the [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s.
On 23 June 1848, faced with starvation due to plans by the French government to close the [[National Workshops]] it had recently created in order to provide work to the poor, a large segment of the citizenry began rioting, setting up barricades in the streets of Paris. The crisis led to the government's handing dictatorial powers over the nation to General [[Louis Eugène Cavaignac]], who was determined to use all force necessary to crush the rebellion and ordered the [[National Guard (France)|French National Guard]] into Paris. Seeing the carnage caused among the civilian population by this campaign, [[Frederic Ozanam]], the founder of the [[Society of St. Vincent de Paul]], begged Affre to intervene to stop the bloodshed. The archbishop was led to believe that by his personal involvement peace might be restored between the military and the [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=301–302}}


Accordingly, on 25 June, in spite of the warning of Cavaignac, Affre mounted the barricade at the entrance to the [[Saint-Antoine-des-Champs|Faubourg Saint-Antoine]], bearing a green branch as sign of peace to address both sides. He had spoken only a few words, however, when the insurgents, hearing some shots and feeling that they had been betrayed, opened fire upon the National Guard. Affre fell, struck by a stray bullet. He was taken to his palace, where he died on 27 June.
Accordingly, on 25 June, in spite of the warning of Cavaignac, Affre mounted the barricade at the entrance to the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]], bearing a green branch as sign of peace, to address both sides. He had spoken only a few words when an exchange of fire began in which he was struck by a stray bullet.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1930 |title=Affre, Denis Auguste |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |edition=14|volume=1|page=282 |language=en}}</ref> There have been conflicting claims as to whether the fatal bullet was fired by an insurgent or by the government forces.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>Fernbach, David (ed.) ''Marx: The First International and After'', p. 230, The Civil War in France</ref> He was taken to his palace, where he died on 27 June.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


On the next day, the [[National Assembly of France]] issued a decree expressing their great sorrow over Affre's death, and the public funeral held on 7 July was one of the most striking public spectacles of the period. The crowd following his [[cortege]] was estimated to have numbered about 200,000 people.
On the next day, the [[National Assembly of France]] issued a decree expressing its great sorrow over Affre's death, and the public funeral held on 7 July was one of the most striking public spectacles of the period.<ref name=Grey/> The crowd following his [[cortege]] was estimated to have numbered about 200,000 people.


Affre was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Denis in the Cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]. His heart was removed and preserved in the chapel of the Carmelite Seminary, which he had founded. The [[pectoral cross]] which he was wearing when he was shot--seen in his portrait--is preserved by the Archdiocese of Paris as a [[relic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/651-Croix-pectorale.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Croix pectorale}} {{fr icon}}</ref>
Affre was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Denis in the Cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]. His heart was removed and preserved in the chapel of the Carmelite Seminary, which he had founded.


== Legacy ==
⚫
A street in the [[18th arrondissement of Paris]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/-Saint-Bernard-de-la-Chapelle-.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle}} {{fr icon}}</ref>
[[File:Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 10.jpg|thumb|Denise David displayed behind Notre-Dame Cathedral. The archbishop's niece Marie Caroline Affre appears in the bell's inscription.]]
The [[pectoral cross]] which he was wearing when he was shot—seen in his portrait—is preserved by the Archdiocese of Paris as a [[relic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/651-Croix-pectorale.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Croix pectorale|language=fr}}</ref>

In 1856, the smallest of the four "Benjamines," four new bells made for Notre-Dame, was named [[Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris#19th century bells|Denise David]] in honor of Affre and [[Amédée-David de Pastoret]]. Affre's niece by marriage, Marie Caroline Affre, served as godmother to the bell during the baptism ceremony.

⚫
A street in the [[18th arrondissement of Paris]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.catholique.fr/-Saint-Bernard-de-la-Chapelle-.html|work=Diocèse de Paris|title=Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle|language=fr}}</ref>


==Writings==
==Writings==
Line 69: Line 79:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
* Ricard, ''Les grands eveques de l'eglise de France au XIXe siècle'' (Lille, 1893)
==Sources==
* [[L. Alazard]], ''Denis-Auguste Affre, archeveque de [[Paris]]'' ([[Paris]], 1905)
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Affre, Denis Auguste|volume=1|pages=301-302}} Endnotes
*{{1911}}
⚫
** {{cite book |author=Ricard |year=1893 |title=Les grands eveques de l'eglise de France au XIXe siècle |location=Lille |language=fr}}
** {{cite book |last=Alazard |first=L. |author-link=L. Alazard |date=1905 |title=Denis-Auguste Affre, archeveque de Paris |location=[[Paris]] |language=fr}}
*{{CE1913 |first=Francis William |last=Grey |wstitle=Denis Auguste Affre |volume=1 |page=180}} Endnotes:
**{{cite book |author=Fisquet |title=La France pontificale |location=Paris |year=1867 |volume=I |page=619 |language=fr}}
**{{cite book |author=D'Avenel |title=Les évêques et archevêques de Paris |location=Paris |year=1878 |volume=II |page=264 |language=fr}}
**{{cite book |title=The Biographies of De Riancey |location=Paris |year=1848 |language=fr}}
**{{cite book |title=Cruice |location=Paris |year=1850 |language=fr}}
**{{cite book |title=Castan |year=1864 |language=fr}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Paris]]|years=1840&ndash;1848}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Paris]]|years=1840–1848}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
{{Archbishops of Paris}}
⚫
{{Authority control}}


⚫
{{Authority control|VIAF=73902775}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Affre, Denis Auguste
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Murdered Archbishop of Paris
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 September 1793
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint-Rome-de-Tarn]], [[Aveyron]], France
| DATE OF DEATH = 27 June 1848
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], France
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Affre, Denis Auguste}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Affre, Denis Auguste}}
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aveyron]]
[[Category:People from Aveyron]]
[[Category:Seminary of Saint-Sulpice (Paris) alumni]]
[[Category:Seminary of Saint-Sulpice (France) alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Paris]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Paris]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France]]
[[Category:Murdered Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:1848 in France]]
[[Category:1848 in France]]
[[Category:Burials at Notre Dame de Paris]]
[[Category:Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris]]
[[Category:French Servants of God]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]]

Latest revision as of 18:43, 12 September 2023

Servant of God

Denis-Auguste Affre
Archbishop of Paris
Denis Auguste Affre
by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay
SeeParis
Installed4 June 1840
Term ended27 June 1848
PredecessorHyacinthe-Louis de Quélen
SuccessorMarie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour
Other post(s)Coadjutor Bishop of Strasbourg (1839–1840);
Titular Bishop of Pompeiopolis in Cilicia (1839–1840); Vicar General of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens and then of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon (1823–1833)
Orders
Ordination16 May 1818
Consecration6 August 1840
by Cardinal Hugues-Robert-Jean-Charles de la Tour d’Auvergne-Lauraquais
Personal details
Born(1793-09-28)September 28, 1793
Saint-Rome-de-Tarn, Aveyron, France
DiedJune 27, 1848(1848-06-27) (aged 54)
Paris, France
BuriedCathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, France
NationalityFrench
DenominationCatholic Church
Coat of armsDenis-Auguste Affre's coat of arms

Denis-Auguste Affre (27 September 1793 – 27 June 1848) was a French clergyman who served as Archbishop of Paris from 1840 to 1848. He was killed while trying to negotiate peace during the June Days uprising of 1848.

His cause for beatification has commenced and he is therefore titled a Servant of God.[1]

Life[edit]

Early life and career[edit]

Affre was born at Saint-Rome-de-Tarn, in the department of Aveyron. At the age of 14, he began to study for the priesthood at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, which was under the direction of his uncle, the Abbé Denis Boyer, S.S. He was an excellent student, and, while still a seminarian, soon became an instructor of dogmatic theology at the seminary in Nantes.[2]

In 1818, he was ordained as a Catholic priest. From 1823 to 1833 he served as the Vicar General, first of the Diocese of Luçon and then of Amiens. In 1839, he was appointed as coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Strasbourg. This post, however, he never filled, being called on to act as Vicar-Capitular of Paris, conjointly with MM. Auger and Morel, at the death of Archbishop Quélen.[2]

Affre was elevated to the post of Archbishop of Paris in 1840. Though opposed to the government of King Louis-Philippe I, he fully accepted the establishment of the French Second Republic in 1848;[3] nevertheless he took no part in politics, but devoted himself to pastoral care. He opened new parishes in the working-class neighborhoods of the city. Among them were Ménilmontant, Plaisance, Petit-Montrouge, Maison-Blanche, Petit-Gentilly, Notre-Dame de la Gare, Billancourt, Gros-Caillou.[3]

Affre was passionate in his determination to improve the study of theology in order to form clergy needed in the challenges which the Catholic Church faced at the time. He also was insistent on education as a human right. He opened a new seminary in Paris, called the St. Joseph of the Carmelites Seminary, on the site of a former Carmelite priory, and a school of theology at the Sorbonne.

Death[edit]

Affre's episcopate, however, is chiefly remembered owing to its tragic close during the insurrection of June 1848.

On 23 June 1848, faced with starvation due to plans by the French government to close the National Workshops it had recently created in order to provide work to the poor, a large segment of the citizenry began rioting, setting up barricades in the streets of Paris. The crisis led to the government's handing dictatorial powers over the nation to General Louis Eugène Cavaignac, who was determined to use all force necessary to crush the rebellion and ordered the French National Guard into Paris. Seeing the carnage caused among the civilian population by this campaign, Frederic Ozanam, the founder of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, begged Affre to intervene to stop the bloodshed. The archbishop was led to believe that by his personal involvement peace might be restored between the military and the insurgents.[4]

Accordingly, on 25 June, in spite of the warning of Cavaignac, Affre mounted the barricade at the entrance to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, bearing a green branch as sign of peace, to address both sides. He had spoken only a few words when an exchange of fire began in which he was struck by a stray bullet.[5] There have been conflicting claims as to whether the fatal bullet was fired by an insurgent or by the government forces.[6][7] He was taken to his palace, where he died on 27 June.[6]

On the next day, the National Assembly of France issued a decree expressing its great sorrow over Affre's death, and the public funeral held on 7 July was one of the most striking public spectacles of the period.[2] The crowd following his cortege was estimated to have numbered about 200,000 people.

Affre was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Denis in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. His heart was removed and preserved in the chapel of the Carmelite Seminary, which he had founded.

Legacy[edit]

Denise David displayed behind Notre-Dame Cathedral. The archbishop's niece Marie Caroline Affre appears in the bell's inscription.

The pectoral cross which he was wearing when he was shot—seen in his portrait—is preserved by the Archdiocese of Paris as a relic.[8]

In 1856, the smallest of the four "Benjamines," four new bells made for Notre-Dame, was named Denise David in honor of Affre and Amédée-David de Pastoret. Affre's niece by marriage, Marie Caroline Affre, served as godmother to the bell during the baptism ceremony.

A street in the 18th arrondissement of Paris is named in his honor.[9]

Writings[edit]

Affre wrote several articles for a newspaper called La France chrétienne. Additionally he published two books to guide in the practical matters of handling Church property: Un Traité de l'administration temporelle des paroisses (Paris, 1827) and Un Traité de la propriété des biens ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1837). He also wrote a guide to studying the Christian faith, Une Introduction philosophique à l'étude du christianisme (Paris, 5th edition, 1846).

References[edit]

  1. ^ "1848". Hagiography Circle. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Grey 1907, p. 180
  3. ^ a b "Denis-Auguste Affre (1840-1848)". Diocèse de Paris (in French).
  4. ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 301–302.
  5. ^ "Affre, Denis Auguste". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 1 (14 ed.). 1930. p. 282.
  6. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  7. ^ Fernbach, David (ed.) Marx: The First International and After, p. 230, The Civil War in France
  8. ^ "Croix pectorale". Diocèse de Paris (in French).
  9. ^ "Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle". Diocèse de Paris (in French).

Sources[edit]

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Affre, Denis Auguste". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–302. Endnotes
    • Ricard (1893). Les grands eveques de l'eglise de France au XIXe siècle (in French). Lille.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Alazard, L. (1905). Denis-Auguste Affre, archeveque de Paris (in French). Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Grey, Francis William (1907). "Denis Auguste Affre". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 180. Endnotes:
    • Fisquet (1867). La France pontificale (in French). Vol. I. Paris. p. 619.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • D'Avenel (1878). Les évêques et archevêques de Paris (in French). Vol. II. Paris. p. 264.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • The Biographies of De Riancey (in French). Paris. 1848.
    • Cruice (in French). Paris. 1850.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Castan (in French). 1864.

External links[edit]

Media related to Denys Affre at Wikimedia Commons

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Archbishop of Paris
1840–1848 		Succeeded by
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