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In ancient Roman religion, Inuus (Classical Latin: [ˈɪnuʊs]) was a god, or aspect of a god, who embodied sexual intercourse. The evidence for him as a distinct entity is scant. Maurus Servius Honoratus wrote that Inuus is an epithet of Faunus (Greek Pan), named from his habit of intercourse with animals, based on the etymology of ineundum, "a going in, penetration," from inire,^[1] "to enter" in the sexual sense.^[2] Other names for the god were Fatuus and Fatuclus (with a short a).

Walter Friedrich Otto disputed the traditional etymology and derived Inuus instead from in-avos, "friendly, beneficial" (cf. aveo, "to be eager for, desire"), for the god's fructifying power.^[3]

Lupercalia[edit]

Livy is the sole source for identifying Inuus as the form of Faunus for whom the Lupercalia was celebrated: "naked young men would run around venerating Lycaean Pan, whom the Romans then called Inuus, with antics and lewd behavior."^[4] Although Ovid does not name Inuus in his treatment of the Lupercalia, he may allude to his sexual action in explaining the mythological background of the festival. When Romulus complains that a low fertility rate has rendered the abduction of the Sabine women pointless, Juno, in her guise as the birth goddess Lucina, offers an instruction: "Let the sacred goat go into the Italian matrons" (Italidas matres … sacer hirtus inito, with the verb inito a form of inire).^[5] The would-be mothers recoil from this advice, but an augur, "recently arrived from Etruscan soil," offers a ritual dodge: a goat was killed, and its hide cut into strips for flagellating women who wished to conceive; thus the aetiology for the practice at the Lupercalia.^[6] Rutilius Namatianus offers a similar verbal play, Faunus init ("Faunus enters"), in pointing out a statue depicting the god at Castrum Inui ("Fort Inuus").^[7] Georg Wissowa rejected both the etymology and the identification of Inuus with Faunus.^[8]

The scant evidence for Inuus has not been a bar to elaborate scholarly conjecture, as William Warde Fowler noted at the beginning of the 20th century in his classic work on Roman festivals.^[9] "It is quite plain," Fowler observed, "that the Roman of the literary age did not know who the god (of the Lupercalia) was."^[10]

Castrum Inui[edit]

Servius's note on Inuus is prompted by the mention of Castrum Inui at Aeneid 6.775:^[11]

This is one and the same as the town (civitas) in Italy which is called New Fort (Castrum Novum). Vergil says 'Fort Inuus' for the place, that is, 'Fort Pan', who has a cult there. He is called Inuus, however, in Latin, Πάν (Pan) in Greek; also Ἐφιάλτης (Ephialtes), in Latin Incubus; likewise Faunus, and Fatuus, Fatuclus. He is called Inuus, however, from going around having sex everywhere with all the animals, hence he is also called Incubus.^[12]

Castrum Novum is most likely Giulianova on the coast of Etruria, but Servius seems to have erred in thinking that Castrum Inui, on the coast of Latium, was the same town.^[13]

Rutilius makes the same identification as Servius, but explains that there was a stone carving of Inuus over the gate of the town. This image, worn by time, showed horns on its "pastoral forehead", but the ancient name was no longer legible. Rutilius is noncommittal about its identity, "whether Pan exchanged Tyrrhenian woodlands for Maenala, or whether a resident Faunus enters (init) his paternal retreats," but proclaims that "as long as he revitalizes the seed of mortals with generous fertility, the god is imagined as more than usually predisposed to sex."^[14]

Other associations[edit]

The Christian apologist Arnobius, in his extended debunking of traditional Roman deities, connects Inuus and Pales as guardians over flocks and herds.^[15] The woodland god Silvanus over time became identified with Faunus, and the unknown author of the Origo gentis romanae^[16] notes that many sources said that Faunus was the same as Silvanus, the god Inuus, and even Pan.^[17] Isidore of Seville identifies the Inui, plural, with Pan, incubi, and the Gallic Dusios.^[18]

Diomedes Grammaticus makes a surprising etymological association: he says that the son of the war goddess Bellona, Greek Enyo (Ἐνυώ), given in the genitive as Ἐνυοῦς (Enuous), is imagined by the poets as goat-foot Inuus, "because in the manner of a goat he surmounts the mountaintops and difficult passes of the hills."^[19]

Casuccini mirror[edit]

An Etruscan bronze mirror from Chiusi (ca. 300 BCE), the so-called Casuccini mirror, may depict Inuus. The scene on the back is a type known from at least four other mirrors, as well as engraved Etruscan gems and Attic red-figure vases. It depicts the oracular head of Orpheus (Etruscan Urphe) prophesying to a group of figures. Names are inscribed around the edge of the mirror, but because the figures are not labeled individually, the correlation is not unambiguous; moreover, the lettering is of disputed legibility in some names. There is general agreement, however, given the comparative evidence, that the five central figures are Umaele, who seems to act as a medium; Euturpa (the Muse Euterpe), Inue (Inuus), Eraz, and Aliunea or Alpunea (Palamedes in other scenarios). The lovers in the pediment at the top are Atunis (Adonis) and the unknown E…ial where Turan (Venus) would be expected. The figure with outstretched wings on the tang is a Lasa, an Etruscan form of Lar who was a facilitator of love like the Erotes or Cupid.

The bearded Inuus appears in the center. Damage obscures his midsection and legs, but his left arm and chest are nude and muscled. On an otherwise very similar mirror, a spear-bearing youth replaces Inuus in the composition. No myth that would provide a narrative context for the scene has been determined.^[20]

Darwinian connection[edit]

Charles Darwin used the nomenclature Inuus ecaudatus in writing of the Barbary macaque, now classified as Macaca sylvanus.^[21] Charles Kingsley wrote to Darwin in January 1862 speculating that certain mythological beings may represent cultural memories of creatures "intermediate between man & the ape" who became extinct as a result of natural selection:

I want now to bore you on another matter. This great gulf between the quadrumana & man; & the absence of any record of species intermediate between man & the ape. It has come home to me with much force, that while we deny the existence of any such, the legends of most nations are full of them. Fauns, Satyrs, Inui, Elves, Dwarfs — we call them one minute mythological personages, the next conquered inferior races — & ignore the broad fact, that they are always represented as more bestial than man, & of violent sexual passion. … The Inuus of the old Latins is obscure: but his name is from inire — sexual violence.^[22]

References[edit]

^ See the infinitive form inire; ineundum is a gerund.
^ Maurus Servius Honoratus, note on Aeneid 6.775; Julian Ward Jones, Jr., An Aeneid Commentary of Mixed Type: The Glosses in Mss Harley 4946 and Ambrosianus G111 inf. (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996), pp. 24, 31–32.
^ Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (Origines VIII. 11)," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70 (1980), p. 36, citing Otto's entry on Faunus in PW.
^ Livy 1.5.2: nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciuiam currerent, quem Romani deinde vocarunt Inuum.
^ T.P. Wiseman, Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture (University of Exeter Press, 1994), p. 138, note 104, takes Juno's instruction as clear reference to Inuus.
^ Ovid, Fasti 2.441ff.; Jane F. Gardner, Roman Myths (University of Texas Press, 1993), p. 77, noting that Juno Sospita wears a goatskin cloak.
^ Rutilius, De reditu suo, line 232.
^ Georg Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, 2nd ed., p. 211, as cited by J.G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, vol. 2, Adonis Attis Osiris (London, 1919), p. 234, note 3.
^ William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 312, commenting with an atypical degree of disparagement that "Unger … has much to say about Inuus in the worst style of German pseudo-research"; G.F. Unger, "Die Lupercalen," Rheinische Museum 36 (1881) 50–86.
^ Fowler, Festivals, pp. 312–313.
^ A.J. Boyle and R.D. Woodard, Ovid: Fasti (Penguin Books, 2000), p. 91.
^ Servius, note on Aeneid 6.775: una est in Italia civitas, quae castrum novum dicitur: de hac autem ait 'castrum Inui', id est Panos, qui illic colitur. Inuus autem latine appellatur, Graece: item Graece, latine Incubo: idem Faunus, idem Fatuus, Fatuclus. dicitur autem Inuus ab ineundo passim cum omnibus animalibus, unde et Incubo dicitur.
^ Robert E.A. Palmer, Roman Religion and Roman Empire (University of Pennsylvania, 1974), p. 87.
^ Rutilius, De reditu suo, 225–234; Dennis George, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883, 3rd ed.) vol. 1, p. 297, note 7.
^ Arnobius, Adversus Nationes 3.23.
^ At one time, Aurelius Victor was thought to be the author of the Origo gentis romanae.
^ Origo gentis romanae 4.6; Peter F. Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Brill, 1992), p. 34.
^ Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 8.11.103: Pilosi, qui Graece Panitae, Latine Incubi appellantur, sive Inui ab ineundo passim cum animalibus. Unde et Incubi dicuntur ab incumbendo, hoc est stuprando. Saepe enim inprobi existunt etiam mulieribus, et earum peragunt concubitum: quos daemones Galli Dusios vocant, quia adsidue hanc peragunt immunditiam; Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (Origines VIII. 11)," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70 (1980), pp. 36–37.
^ Diomedes Grammaticus, Ars Grammatica 1.475–476; T.P. Wiseman, "The Minucii and Their Monument," in Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic (Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 69.
^ Richard Daniel De Puma and W. K. C. Guthrie, "An Etruscan Mirror with the Prophesying Head of Orpheus," Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 60 (2001) 19–29; Richard Daniel De Puma, Etruscan Mirrors, Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum: U.S.A. 4: Northeastern Collections ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2005), pp. 61–63.
^ Darwin, Charles; Watson, James D. (2005). The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-2136-7., p. 1132
^ Darwin, Charles (1997). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59032-7., pp. 61–63

[1] See the infinitive form inire; ineundum is a gerund.

[2] Maurus Servius Honoratus, note on Aeneid 6.775; Julian Ward Jones, Jr., An Aeneid Commentary of Mixed Type: The Glosses in Mss Harley 4946 and Ambrosianus G111 inf. (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996), pp. 24, 31–32.

[3] Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (Origines VIII. 11)," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70 (1980), p. 36, citing Otto's entry on Faunus in PW.

[4] Livy 1.5.2: nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciuiam currerent, quem Romani deinde vocarunt Inuum.

[5] T.P. Wiseman, Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture (University of Exeter Press, 1994), p. 138, note 104, takes Juno's instruction as clear reference to Inuus.

[6] Ovid, Fasti 2.441ff.; Jane F. Gardner, Roman Myths (University of Texas Press, 1993), p. 77, noting that Juno Sospita wears a goatskin cloak.

[7] Rutilius, De reditu suo, line 232.

[8] Georg Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, 2nd ed., p. 211, as cited by J.G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, vol. 2, Adonis Attis Osiris (London, 1919), p. 234, note 3.

[9] William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 312, commenting with an atypical degree of disparagement that "Unger … has much to say about Inuus in the worst style of German pseudo-research"; G.F. Unger, "Die Lupercalen," Rheinische Museum 36 (1881) 50–86.

[10] Fowler, Festivals, pp. 312–313.

[11] A.J. Boyle and R.D. Woodard, Ovid: Fasti (Penguin Books, 2000), p. 91.

[12] Servius, note on Aeneid 6.775: una est in Italia civitas, quae castrum novum dicitur: de hac autem ait 'castrum Inui', id est Panos, qui illic colitur. Inuus autem latine appellatur, Graece: item Graece, latine Incubo: idem Faunus, idem Fatuus, Fatuclus. dicitur autem Inuus ab ineundo passim cum omnibus animalibus, unde et Incubo dicitur.

[13] Robert E.A. Palmer, Roman Religion and Roman Empire (University of Pennsylvania, 1974), p. 87.

[14] Rutilius, De reditu suo, 225–234; Dennis George, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883, 3rd ed.) vol. 1, p. 297, note 7.

[15] Arnobius, Adversus Nationes 3.23.

[16] At one time, Aurelius Victor was thought to be the author of the Origo gentis romanae.

[17] Origo gentis romanae 4.6; Peter F. Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Brill, 1992), p. 34.

[18] Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 8.11.103: Pilosi, qui Graece Panitae, Latine Incubi appellantur, sive Inui ab ineundo passim cum animalibus. Unde et Incubi dicuntur ab incumbendo, hoc est stuprando. Saepe enim inprobi existunt etiam mulieribus, et earum peragunt concubitum: quos daemones Galli Dusios vocant, quia adsidue hanc peragunt immunditiam; Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (Origines VIII. 11)," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70 (1980), pp. 36–37.

[19] Diomedes Grammaticus, Ars Grammatica 1.475–476; T.P. Wiseman, "The Minucii and Their Monument," in Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic (Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 69.

[20] Richard Daniel De Puma and W. K. C. Guthrie, "An Etruscan Mirror with the Prophesying Head of Orpheus," Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 60 (2001) 19–29; Richard Daniel De Puma, Etruscan Mirrors, Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum: U.S.A. 4: Northeastern Collections ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2005), pp. 61–63.

[21] Darwin, Charles; Watson, James D. (2005). The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-2136-7., p. 1132

[22] Darwin, Charles (1997). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59032-7., pp. 61–63

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Ancient Roman religion}}
-In [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]], '''Inuus''' was a god, or aspect of a god, who embodied [[copulation]]. The evidence for him as a distinct entity is scant. [[Servius]] says that Inuus is an [[epithet]] of [[Faunus]] (Greek [[Pan (god)|Pan]]), named from his habit of intercourse with animals, based on the [[etymology]] of ''ineundum'', "a going in, penetration," from ''[[wikt:inire|inire]]'',<ref>See the [[infinitive verb|infinitive]] form ''[[wiktionary:inire|inire]]''; ''ineundum'' is a [[gerund]].</ref> "to enter" in the sexual sense.<ref>[[Servius]], note on ''[[Aeneid]]'' 6.775; Julian Ward Jones, Jr., ''An'' Aeneid'' Commentary of Mixed Type: The Glosses in Mss Harley 4946 and Ambrosianus G111 inf.'' (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996), pp. 24, 31–32.</ref> Other names for the god were '''Fatuus''' and '''Fatulcus''',
+In [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]], '''Inuus''' ({{IPA|la-x-classic|ˈɪnuʊs|lang|link=yes}}) was a god, or aspect of a god, who embodied [[sexual intercourse]]. The evidence for him as a distinct entity is scant. [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]] wrote that Inuus is an [[epithet]] of [[Faunus]] (Greek [[Pan (god)|Pan]]), named from his habit of intercourse with animals, based on the [[etymology]] of ''ineundum'', "a going in, penetration," from ''[[wikt:inire|inire]]'',<ref>See the [[infinitive]] form ''[[wiktionary:inire|inire]]''; ''ineundum'' is a [[gerund]].</ref> "to enter" in the sexual sense.<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus]], note on ''[[Aeneid]]'' 6.775; Julian Ward Jones, Jr., ''An'' Aeneid'' Commentary of Mixed Type: The Glosses in Mss Harley 4946 and Ambrosianus G111 inf.'' (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996), pp. 24, 31–32.</ref> Other names for the god were '''Fatuus''' and '''Fatuclus''' (with a short ''a'').
-[[Walter Friedrich Otto|W.F. Otto]] disputed the traditional etymology and derived ''Inuus'' instead from ''in-avos'', "friendly, beneficial" (cf. ''aveo'', "to be eager for, desire"), for the god's fructifying power.<ref>Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (''Origines'' VIII. 11)," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 70 (1980), p. 36, citing Otto's entry on Faunus in ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft|PW]]''.</ref>
+[[Walter Friedrich Otto]] disputed the traditional etymology and derived ''Inuus'' instead from ''in-avos'', "friendly, beneficial" (cf. ''aveo'', "to be eager for, desire"), for the god's fructifying power.<ref>Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (''Origines'' VIII. 11)," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 70 (1980), p. 36, citing Otto's entry on Faunus in ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft|PW]]''.</ref>
 ==Lupercalia==
-[[Livy]] is the sole source for identifying Inuus as the form of Faunus for whom the [[Lupercalia]] was celebrated: "naked young men would run around venerating [[Mount Lyceum|Lycaean]] Pan, whom the Romans then called Inuus, with [[Trickster|antics]] and lewd behavior."<ref>[[Livy]] 1.5.2: ''nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciuiam currerent, quem Romani deinde vocarunt Inuum.''</ref> Although [[Ovid]] does not name Inuus in his treatment of the Lupercalia, he may allude to his sexual action in explaining the mythological background of the festival. When [[Romulus]] complains that a low fertility rate has rendered the [[The Rape of the Sabine Women|abduction of the Sabine women]] pointless, [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], in her guise as the birth goddess [[Lucina (goddess)|Lucina]], offers an instruction: "Let the sacred goat go into the Italian matrons" (''Italidas matres … sacer hirtus inito'', with the verb ''inito'' a form of ''inire'').<ref>[[T.P. Wiseman]], ''Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture'' (University of Exeter Press, 1994), p. 138, note 104, takes Juno's instruction as clear reference to Inuus.</ref> The would-be mothers recoil from this advice, but an [[augur]], "recently arrived from [[Etruscan]] soil," offers a ritual dodge: a goat was killed, and its hide cut into strips for flagellating women who wished to conceive; thus the [[Etiology#Mythology|aetiology]] for the practice at the Lupercalia.<ref>[[Ovid]], [[Fasti (Ovid)|Fasti]] 2.441ff.; Jane F. Gardner, ''Roman Myths'' (University of Texas Press, 1993), p. 77, noting that [[Juno Sospita]] wears a goatskin cloak.</ref> [[Rutilius Claudius Namatianus|Rutilius Namatianus]] offers a similar verbal play, ''Faunus init'' ("Faunus enters"), in pointing out a statue depicting the god at Castrum Inui ("Fort Inuus").<ref>[[Rutilius Claudius Namatianus|Rutilius]], ''De reditu suo'', line 232.</ref> [[Georg Wissowa]] rejected both the etymology and the identification of Inuus with Faunus.<ref>[[Georg Wissowa]], ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 2nd ed., p. 211, as cited by [[J.G. Frazer]], ''The Golden Bough'', vol. 2, ''Adonis Attis Osiris'' (London, 1919), p. 234, note 3.</ref>
+[[Livy]] is the sole source for identifying Inuus as the form of Faunus for whom the [[Lupercalia]] was celebrated: "naked young men would run around venerating [[Mount Lyceum|Lycaean]] Pan, whom the Romans then called Inuus, with [[Trickster|antics]] and lewd behavior."<ref>[[Livy]] 1.5.2: ''nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciuiam currerent, quem Romani deinde vocarunt Inuum.''</ref> Although [[Ovid]] does not name Inuus in his treatment of the Lupercalia, he may allude to his sexual action in explaining the mythological background of the festival. When [[Romulus]] complains that a low fertility rate has rendered the [[The Rape of the Sabine Women|abduction of the Sabine women]] pointless, [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], in her guise as the birth goddess [[Lucina (goddess)|Lucina]], offers an instruction: "Let the sacred goat go into the Italian matrons" (''Italidas matres … sacer hirtus inito'', with the verb ''inito'' a form of ''inire'').<ref>[[T.P. Wiseman]], ''Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture'' (University of Exeter Press, 1994), p. 138, note 104, takes Juno's instruction as clear reference to Inuus.</ref> The would-be mothers recoil from this advice, but an [[augur]], "recently arrived from [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] soil," offers a ritual dodge: a goat was killed, and its hide cut into strips for flagellating women who wished to conceive; thus the [[Etiology#Mythology|aetiology]] for the practice at the Lupercalia.<ref>[[Ovid]], [[Fasti (Ovid)|Fasti]] 2.441ff.; Jane F. Gardner, ''Roman Myths'' (University of Texas Press, 1993), p. 77, noting that [[Juno Sospita]] wears a goatskin cloak.</ref> [[Rutilius Claudius Namatianus|Rutilius Namatianus]] offers a similar verbal play, ''Faunus init'' ("Faunus enters"), in pointing out a statue depicting the god at Castrum Inui ("Fort Inuus").<ref>[[Rutilius Claudius Namatianus|Rutilius]], ''De reditu suo'', line 232.</ref> [[Georg Wissowa]] rejected both the etymology and the identification of Inuus with Faunus.<ref>[[Georg Wissowa]], ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 2nd ed., p. 211, as cited by [[J.G. Frazer]], ''The Golden Bough'', vol. 2, ''Adonis Attis Osiris'' (London, 1919), p. 234, note 3.</ref>
 The scant evidence for Inuus has not been a bar to elaborate scholarly conjecture, as [[William Warde Fowler]] noted  at the beginning of the 20th century in his classic work on [[Roman festivals]].<ref>[[William Warde Fowler]], ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (London, 1908), p. 312, commenting with an atypical degree of disparagement that "Unger … has much to say about Inuus in the worst style of German pseudo-research"; G.F. Unger, "Die Lupercalen," ''Rheinische Museum'' 36 (1881) 50–86.</ref> "It is quite plain," Fowler observed, "that the Roman of the literary age did not know who the god (of the Lupercalia) was."<ref>Fowler, ''Festivals'', pp. 312–313.</ref>
 ==Castrum Inui==
-Servius's note on Inuus is prompted by the mention of ''Castrum Inui'' at ''[[Aeneid]]'' 6.77:<ref>A.J. Boyle and R.D. Woodard, ''Ovid: Fasti'' (Penguin Books, 2000), p. 91.</ref>
+Servius's note on Inuus is prompted by the mention of ''Castrum Inui'' at ''[[Aeneid]]'' 6.775:<ref>A.J. Boyle and R.D. Woodard, ''Ovid: Fasti'' (Penguin Books, 2000), p. 91.</ref>
 [[File:Faunus Vienna Ma528.jpg|thumb|120px|left|A [[Roman Empire|Roman imperial]] bust of Faunus]]
-{{cquote|This is one and the same as the town (''[[civitas]]'') in Italy which is called New Fort ''(Castrum Novum)''. [[Vergil]] says 'Fort Inuus' for the place, that is, 'Fort [[Pan (god)|Pan]]', who has a [[cult (religion)|cult]] there. He is called Inuus, however, in [[Latin]], Πάν ''(Pan)'' in [[ancient Greek language|Greek]]; also Ἐφιάλτης ([[Aloadae|Ephialtes]]), in Latin [[Incubus]]; likewise Faunus, and Fatuus, Fatuclus. He is called Inuus, however, from going around having sex everywhere with all the animals, hence he is also called Incubus.<ref>Servius, note on ''Aeneid'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+6.775&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053  6.775]: ''una est in Italia civitas, quae castrum novum dicitur: de hac autem ait 'castrum Inui', id est Panos, qui illic colitur. Inuus autem latine appellatur, Graece: item Graece, latine Incubo: idem Faunus, idem Fatuus, Fatuclus. dicitur autem Inuus ab ineundo passim cum omnibus animalibus, unde et Incubo dicitur.</ref>}}
+{{quote|This is one and the same as the town (''[[civitas]]'') in Italy which is called New Fort ''(Castrum Novum)''. [[Vergil]] says 'Fort Inuus' for the place, that is, 'Fort [[Pan (god)|Pan]]', who has a [[cult (religion)|cult]] there. He is called Inuus, however, in [[Latin]], Πάν ''(Pan)'' in [[ancient Greek language|Greek]]; also Ἐφιάλτης ([[Aloadae|Ephialtes]]), in Latin [[Incubus]]; likewise Faunus, and Fatuus, Fatuclus. He is called Inuus, however, from going around having sex everywhere with all the animals, hence he is also called Incubus.<ref>Servius, note on ''Aeneid'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+6.775&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053  6.775]: ''una est in Italia civitas, quae castrum novum dicitur: de hac autem ait 'castrum Inui', id est Panos, qui illic colitur. Inuus autem latine appellatur, Graece: item Graece, latine Incubo: idem Faunus, idem Fatuus, Fatuclus. dicitur autem Inuus ab ineundo passim cum omnibus animalibus, unde et Incubo dicitur.</ref>}}
-Castrum Novum is most likely [[Giulianova]] on the coast of [[Etruria]], but Servius seems to have erred in thinking that Castrum Inui, on the coast of [[Latium]], was the same town.
+Castrum Novum is most likely [[Giulianova]] on the coast of [[Etruria]], but Servius seems to have erred in thinking that Castrum Inui, on the coast of [[Latium]], was the same town.<ref>[[Robert E.A. Palmer]], ''Roman Religion and Roman Empire'' (University of Pennsylvania, 1974), p. 87.</ref>
 Rutilius makes the same identification as Servius, but explains that there was a stone carving of Inuus over the gate of the town. This image, worn by time, showed horns on its "pastoral forehead", but the ancient name was no longer legible. Rutilius is noncommittal about its identity, "whether Pan exchanged [[Tyrrhenians|Tyrrhenian]] woodlands for [[Mainalo|Maenala]], or whether a resident Faunus enters ''(init)'' his paternal retreats," but proclaims that "as long as he revitalizes the seed of mortals with generous fertility, the god is imagined as more than usually predisposed to sex."<ref>Rutilius, ''De reditu suo'', 225–234; Dennis George, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London, 1883, 3rd ed.) vol. 1, p. 297, note 7.</ref>
 ==Other associations==
-The [[Christian apologist]] [[Arnobius]], in his extended debunking of traditional Roman deities, connects Inuus and [[Pales]] as guardians over flocks and herds.<ref>[[Arnobius]], ''Adversus Nationes'' 3.23.</ref> The woodland god [[Silvanus]] over time became identified with Faunus, and the unknown author of the ''[[Origo gentis romanae]]''<ref>At one time, [[Aurelius Victor]] was thought to be the author of the ''Origo gentis romanae''.</ref> notes that many sources said that Faunus was the same as Silvanus, the god Inuus, and even Pan.<ref>''[[Origo gentis romanae]]'' 4.6; Peter F. Dorcey, ''The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion'' (Brill, 1992), p. 34.</ref> [[Isidore of Seville]] identifies the ''Inui'', plural, with Pan, incubi, and the Gallic [[Dusios]].<ref>[[Isidore of Seville]], ''[[Etymologiae]]'' 8.11.103: ''Pilosi, qui Graece Panitae, Latine Incubi appellantur, sive Inui ab ineundo passim cum animalibus. Unde et Incubi dicuntur ab incumbendo, hoc est stuprando. Saepe enim inprobi existunt etiam mulieribus, et earum peragunt concubitum: quos daemones Galli Dusios vocant, quia adsidue hanc peragunt immunditiam''; Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (''Origines'' VIII. 11)," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 70 (1980), pp. 36–37.</ref>
+The [[Christian apologist]] [[Arnobius]], in his extended debunking of traditional Roman deities, connects Inuus and [[Pales]] as guardians over flocks and herds.<ref>[[Arnobius]], ''Adversus Nationes'' 3.23.</ref> The woodland god [[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]] over time became identified with Faunus, and the unknown author of the ''[[Origo gentis romanae]]''<ref>At one time, [[Aurelius Victor]] was thought to be the author of the ''Origo gentis romanae''.</ref> notes that many sources said that Faunus was the same as Silvanus, the god Inuus, and even Pan.<ref>''[[Origo gentis romanae]]'' 4.6; Peter F. Dorcey, ''The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion'' (Brill, 1992), p. 34.</ref> [[Isidore of Seville]] identifies the ''Inui'', plural, with Pan, incubi, and the Gallic [[Dusios]].<ref>[[Isidore of Seville]], ''[[Etymologiae]]'' 8.11.103: ''Pilosi, qui Graece Panitae, Latine Incubi appellantur, sive Inui ab ineundo passim cum animalibus. Unde et Incubi dicuntur ab incumbendo, hoc est stuprando. Saepe enim inprobi existunt etiam mulieribus, et earum peragunt concubitum: quos daemones Galli Dusios vocant, quia adsidue hanc peragunt immunditiam''; Katherine Nell MacFarlane, "Isidore of Seville on the Pagan Gods (''Origines'' VIII. 11)," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 70 (1980), pp. 36–37.</ref>
 [[Diomedes Grammaticus]] makes a surprising etymological association: he says that the son of the war goddess [[Bellona (goddess)|Bellona]], Greek [[Enyo]] (Ἐνυώ), given in the [[genitive case|genitive]] as Ἐνυοῦς (Enuous), is imagined by the poets as goat-foot Inuus, "because in the manner of a goat he surmounts the mountaintops and difficult passes of the hills."<ref>[[Diomedes Grammaticus]], ''Ars Grammatica'' 1.475–476; [[T.P. Wiseman]], "The Minucii and Their Monument," in ''Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic'' (Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 69.</ref>
 ==Casuccini mirror==
-An [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] [[bronze mirror]] from [[Chiusi]] (''ca.'' 300 BC), the so-called Casuccini mirror, may depict Inuus. The scene on the back is a type known from at least four other mirrors, as well as [[Engraved gem|engraved Etruscan gems]] and [[Red-figure pottery|Attic red-figure vases]]. It depicts the oracular head of [[Orpheus]] ([[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ''Urphe'') prophesying to  a group of figures. Names are inscribed around the edge of the mirror, but because the figures are not labeled individually, the correlation is not unambiguous;  moreover, the lettering is of disputed legibility in some names. There is general agreement, however, given the comparative evidence, that the five central figures are ''Umaele'', who seems to act as a [[Mediumship|medium]];  ''Euturpa'' (the [[Muses|Muse]] [[Euterpe]]), ''Inue'' (Inuus), ''Eraz'', and ''Aliunea'' or ''Alpunea'' ([[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]] in other scenarios). The lovers in the pediment at the top are ''[[Atunis]]'' ([[Adonis]]) and the unknown ''E…ial'' where ''[[Turan (mythology)|Turan]]'' ([[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]) would be expected. The figure with outstretched wings on the tang is a ''[[Lasas|Lasa]]'', an Etruscan form of [[Lares|Lar]] who was a facilitator of love like the [[Erotes (mythology)|Erotes]] or [[Cupid]].
+An [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] [[bronze mirror]] from [[Chiusi]] (''ca.'' 300 BCE), the so-called Casuccini mirror, may depict Inuus. The scene on the back is a type known from at least four other mirrors, as well as [[Engraved gem|engraved Etruscan gems]] and [[Red-figure pottery|Attic red-figure vases]]. It depicts the oracular head of [[Orpheus]] ([[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ''Urphe'') prophesying to a group of figures. Names are inscribed around the edge of the mirror, but because the figures are not labeled individually, the correlation is not unambiguous; moreover, the lettering is of disputed legibility in some names. There is general agreement, however, given the comparative evidence, that the five central figures are ''Umaele'', who seems to act as a [[Mediumship|medium]];  ''Euturpa'' (the [[Muse]] [[Euterpe]]), ''Inue'' (Inuus), ''Eraz'', and ''Aliunea'' or ''Alpunea'' ([[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]] in other scenarios). The lovers in the pediment at the top are ''Atunis'' ([[Adonis]]) and the unknown ''E…ial'' where ''[[Turan (mythology)|Turan]]'' ([[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]) would be expected. The figure with outstretched wings on the tang is a ''[[Lares|Lasa]]'', an Etruscan form of [[Lares|Lar]] who was a facilitator of love like the [[Erotes]] or [[Cupid]].
-The bearded Inuus appears in the center. Damage obscures his midsection and legs, but his left arm and chest are nude and muscled. On an otherwise very similar mirror, a spear-bearing youth replaces Inuus in the composition. No myth that would provide a narrative context for the scene has been determined.<ref>Richard Daniel De Puma and [[W.K.C. Guthrie]], "An Etruscan Mirror with the Prophesying Head of Orpheus," ''Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University'' 60 (2001) 19–29; Richard Daniel De Puma, ''Etruscan Mirrors'', Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum: U.S.A. 4: Northeastern Collections ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2005), pp. 61–63.</ref>
+The bearded Inuus appears in the center. Damage obscures his midsection and legs, but his left arm and chest are nude and muscled. On an otherwise very similar mirror, a spear-bearing youth replaces Inuus in the composition. No myth that would provide a narrative context for the scene has been determined.<ref>Richard Daniel De Puma and [[W. K. C. Guthrie]], "An Etruscan Mirror with the Prophesying Head of Orpheus," ''Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University'' 60 (2001) 19–29; Richard Daniel De Puma, ''Etruscan Mirrors'', Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum: U.S.A. 4: Northeastern Collections ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2005), pp. 61–63.</ref>
 ==Darwinian connection==
-[[Charles Darwin]] used the [[scientific nomenclature|nomenclature]] ''Inuus ecaudalus'' in writing of the [[Barbary ape]], now classified as ''Macaca sylvanus''.<ref>[[Charles Darwin]], "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," in ''The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea'', edited by james D. Watson (Running Press, 2005), p. 1132 [http://books.google.com/books?id=LEWfWf0mUJIC&pg=PA1132&dq=Inuus&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1972&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&cd=14#v=onepage&q=Inuus&f=false online.]</ref> [[Charles Kingsley]] wrote to Darwin in January 1862 speculating that certain mythological beings may represent cultural memories of creatures "intermediate between man & the ape" who became extinct as a result of [[natural selection]]:
+[[Charles Darwin]] used the [[Nomenclature#Scientific nomenclature|nomenclature]] ''Inuus ecaudatus'' in writing of the [[Barbary macaque]], now classified as ''Macaca sylvanus''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Darwin|first1=Charles|authorlink1=Charles Darwin|last2=Watson|first2=James D.|authorlink2=James D. Watson|title=The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEWfWf0mUJIC&pg=PA1132|year=2005|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-2136-7}}, p. 1132</ref> [[Charles Kingsley]] wrote to Darwin in January 1862 speculating that certain mythological beings may represent cultural memories of creatures "intermediate between man & the ape" who became extinct as a result of [[natural selection]]:
+{{quote|I want now to bore you on another matter. This great gulf between the [[quadrumana]] & man; & the absence of any record of species intermediate between man & the ape. It has come home to me with much force, that while ''we'' deny the existence of any such, the legends of most nations are full of them. [[Faun]]s, [[Satyr]]s, Inui, [[Elf|Elves]], [[Dwarf (mythology)|Dwarf]]s — we call them one minute mythological personages, the next conquered inferior races — & ignore the broad fact, that they are always represented as more bestial than man, & of violent sexual passion. … The Inuus of the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|old Latins]] is obscure: but his name is from ''[[wikt:inire|inire]]'' — sexual violence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MqBgwX2vZIC&pg=PA63|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59032-7}}, pp. 61–63</ref>}}
-{{cquote|I want now to bore you on another matter. This great gulf between the [[quadrumana]] & man; & the absence of any record of species intermediate between man & the ape. It has come home to me with much force, that while ''we'' deny the existence of any such, the legends of most nations are full of them. [[Faun]]s, [[Satyr]]s, Inui, [[Elf|Elves]], [[Dwarf (mythology)|Dwarf]]s — we call them one minute mythological personages, the next conquered inferior races — & ignore the broad fact, that they are always represented as more bestial than man, & of violent sexual passion. … The Inuus of the [[Latini|old Latins]] is obscure: but his name is from ''[[wikt:inire|inire]]'' — sexual violence.<ref>[[Charles Kingsley]] to [[Charles Darwin]], in ''The Correspondence of Charles Darwin'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997), vol. 10, pp. 61–63 [http://books.google.com/books?id=5MqBgwX2vZIC&pg=PA63&dq=Inuus&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1972&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&cd=43#v=onepage&q=Inuus&f=false online.] Content advisory: This letter contains remarks and assumptions of "the superior white race" that in the 21st century are considered racist and offensive.</ref>}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 [[Category:Roman gods]]
 [[Category:Animal gods]]
+[[Category:Fauns]]
-[[fr:Inuus]]
-[[pl:Inuus]]
-[[pt:Inuus]]