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{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Cyclamen purpurascens''
| image = Cyclamen purpurascens Orchi 01.jpg
| image = Cyclamen purpurascens Orchi 01.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| genus = Cyclamen
| parent = Cyclamen subg. Cyclamen
| unranked_divisio = [[flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
⚫
| species = purpurascens
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
| authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
⚫
| synonyms = *''Cyclamen europaeum'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
| ordo = [[Ericales]]
| familia = [[Myrsinaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Cyclamen]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Cyclamen#Subgenus Cyclamen|Cyclamen]]''
| series = ''[[Cyclamen#Series Purpurascens|Purpurascens'']]
| species = '''''C. purpurascens'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Cyclamen purpurascens''
| binomial_authority = {{Mill.}}
| synonyms =
⚫
''Cyclamen europaeum'' <small>{{L.}}</small>
}}
}}


'''''Cyclamen purpurascens''''' ('''Alpine''', '''European''' or '''purple cyclamen''') is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] ''Cyclamen'' of the [[family (biology)|family]] Myrsinaceae, [[native plant|native]] to central Europe, northern Italy, and Slovenia. It is a [[tuber]]ous [[perennial plant|perennial]] with (usually) variegated leaves, and deep pink flowers in summer.<ref name="Grey-Wilson2009">{{cite book|author=Christopher Grey-Wilson|title=The Rock Garden Plant Primer: Easy, Small Plants for Containers, Patios, and the Open Garden|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OnGSrv_g698C&pg=PA86|accessdate=31 August 2012|date=16 September 2009|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-928-7|pages=86–87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
'''''Cyclamen purpurascens''''', the '''purple cyclamen''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] ''Cyclamen'' of the [[family (biology)|family]] Primulaceae, [[native plant|native]] to central Europe, northern Italy, and former Yugoslavia. It is an [[evergreen]] [[tuber]]ous [[perennial plant|perennial]] with (usually) variegated leaves, and deep pink flowers in summer.<ref name="Grey-Wilson2009">{{cite book|author=Christopher Grey-Wilson|title=The Rock Garden Plant Primer: Easy, Small Plants for Containers, Patios, and the Open Garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnGSrv_g698C&pg=PA86|accessdate=31 August 2012|date=16 September 2009|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-928-7|pages=86–87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Cyclamen purpurascens''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/5153/Cyclamen-purpurascens/Details|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The genus name ''Cyclamen'' comes through Latin from the Greek ''cyclamīnos'' or ''-on'', ''κυκλάμινος'' (also ''κυκλαμίς'') meaning "circle", with reference to the shape of the tuber.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> The species name ''purpurāscēns'' is a [[present tense|present]] [[participle]] from the Latin verb ''purpurāscō'' "become purple".<ref>{{L&S|purpurasco|purpurāscō|ref}}</ref>
The species name ''purpurāscēns'' is a [[present tense|present]] [[participle]] from the Latin verb ''purpurāscō'' "become purple".<ref>{{L&S|purpurasco|purpurāscō|ref}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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==Description==
==Description==
<gallery>
[[Image:Illustration Cyclamen purpurascens0.jpg|thumb|150px|whole plant ([[Otto Wilhelm Thomé|Thomé]], ''[[commons:Flora von Deutschland Index|Flora von Deutschland]]'')]]
File:Illustration Cyclamen purpurascens0.jpg|Whole plant ([[Otto Wilhelm Thomé|Thomé]], ''[[commons:Flora von Deutschland Index|Flora von Deutschland]]'')
⚫
File:Cyclamen purpurascens 280803.jpg|Closeup of flower
File:Cyclamen_purpurascens_fruit3.jpg|Seed-bearing stem beginning to coil
File:Cyclamen_purpurascens_seed_pods.JPG|Two nearly ripe seed pods
⚫
File:Cyclamen purpurascens tuber.JPG|A young tuber
⚫
File:Blad van Cyclamen purpurascens 02.jpg|Leaf
</gallery>
''C. purpurascens'' blooms from summer to autumn, keeps its leaves through the winter, and produces seeds and new leaves the next summer.
''C. purpurascens'' blooms from summer to autumn, keeps its leaves through the winter, and produces seeds and new leaves the next summer.


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===Flowers===
===Flowers===
⚫
[[Image:Cyclamen purpurascens 280803.jpg|thumb|150px|closeup of flower]]
Flowers appear before or with the leaves, and have 5 upswept [[petal]]s. Flowers are [[aroma compound|sweetly scented]], ranging in color from pale rose-pink to purple or rose-carmine and are {{convert|17|to|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} long. Petals are elliptical and twisted, often curled into [[auricle (botany)|auricles]], although less prominent than those of ''[[Cyclamen hederifolium]]''. Forma "album" has white flowers, though it is more difficult to establish. 'Lake Garda' has silver leaves and pink flowers.<ref name="Grey-Wilson2009" />
Flowers appear before or with the leaves, and have 5 upswept [[petal]]s. Flowers are [[aroma compound|sweetly scented]], ranging in color from pale rose-pink to purple or rose-carmine and are {{convert|17|to|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} long. Petals are elliptical and twisted, often curled into [[auricle (botany)|auricles]], although less prominent than those of ''[[Cyclamen hederifolium]]''. Forma "album" has white flowers, though it is more difficult to establish. 'Lake Garda' has silver leaves and pink flowers.<ref name="Grey-Wilson2009" />

This plant has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=611</ref>


===Leaves===
===Leaves===
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===Fruit===
===Fruit===
[[Image:Cyclamen purpurascens fructification.JPG|thumb|seed-bearing stem beginning to coil]]
After fertilization, the [[pedicel (botany)|flower stem]] coils tightly, starting at the end. [[Seed]]s, amber when ripe, are held in a round [[capsule (fruit)|pod]], which ripens the summer a year after flowering and [[dehiscence (botany)|opens]] by 5-10 flaps.
After fertilization, the [[pedicel (botany)|flower stem]] coils tightly, starting at the end. [[Seed]]s, amber when ripe, are held in a round [[capsule (fruit)|pod]], which ripens the summer a year after flowering and [[dehiscence (botany)|opens]] by 5-10 flaps.


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===Leaf forms===
===Leaf forms===
====Plain leaf====
====Plain leaf====
⚫
[[Image:Cyclamen purpurascens plain leaf.jpg|thumb|150px|a plain leaf form at [[Plitvice Lakes National Park]], [[Croatia]]]]
Plain leaf forms have all-green leaves. A distinct plain-leaf form is the Fatra form, also called ''Cyclamen fatrense'' (misspelled ''fatranse''), from the [[Greater Fatra|Fatra]] Mountains in Slovakia, which has plain leaves (either matt or shiny) and larger and more abundant flowers.
Plain leaf forms have all-green leaves. A distinct plain-leaf form is the Fatra form, also called ''Cyclamen fatrense'' (misspelled ''fatranse''), from the [[Greater Fatra|Fatra]] Mountains in Slovakia, which has plain leaves (either matt or shiny) and larger and more abundant flowers.


====Silver leaf====
====Silver leaf====
⚫
[[Image:Cyclamen purpurascens silver leaf.jpg|thumb|a silver leaf form with light pink flowers]]
Plants of the Silver Leaf Group have silver on the leaves. Subtypes include the Lake Bled form (silver with a netted pattern of veins near the margin), selected from plants near [[Lake Bled]] in the [[Julian Alps]] of [[Slovenia]], and the Limone or Lake Garda form (silver with a very thin green border and gray arrowhead pattern in the center), selected from plants near [[Limone sul Garda]] near [[Lake Garda]] in [[Italy]].
Plants of the Silver Leaf Group have silver on the leaves. Subtypes include the Lake Bled form (silver with a netted pattern of veins near the margin), selected from plants near [[Lake Bled]] in the [[Julian Alps]] of [[Slovenia]], and the Limone or Lake Garda form (silver with a very thin green border and gray arrowhead pattern in the center), selected from plants near [[Limone sul Garda]] near [[Lake Garda]] in [[Italy]].


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===Cultivars===
===Cultivars===
The [[cultivar|cultivated variety]] 'Green Ice', developed by Jan Bravenboer of Green Ice Nursery in the Netherlands, has a Christmas tree–shaped silver center and broad green margin. 'Green Lake' is similar, but has a light green zone in the center of the silver.<ref>[http://home.kpn.nl/j.bravenboer1/pages/seedlist.html Seed list]. [http://www.bravenboer.tk Green Ice Nursery].</ref>
The [[cultivar|cultivated variety]] 'Green Ice', developed by Jan Bravenboer of Green Ice Nursery in the Netherlands, has a Christmas tree–shaped silver center and broad green margin. 'Green Lake' is similar, but has a light green zone in the center of the silver.<ref>[http://home.kpn.nl/j.bravenboer1/pages/seedlist.html Seed list]. [http://www.bravenboer.tk Green Ice Nursery].</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="300px">
File:Cyclamen purpurascens 001.JPG|Two plants in a garden in [[Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]]
⚫
File:Cyclamen purpurascens plain leaf.jpg|A plain-leaved form at [[Plitvice Lakes National Park]], [[Croatia]]
File:Cyclamen Sp. (Cyclamen purpurascens?) (16099638950).jpg|A plain-leaved form in [[Jesenice, Jesenice|Jesenice]], [[Slovenia]]
⚫
File:Cyclamen purpurascens silver leaf.jpg|A silver-leaved form with light pink flowers
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Books===
===Books===
Line 76: Line 76:
==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://www.cyclamen.org/purp_set.html Cyclamen Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414125230/http://www.cyclamen.org/purp_set.html Cyclamen Society]
*{{GRIN}}
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?12746 Germplasm Resources Information Network]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Cyclamen+purpurascens CalPhotos]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Cyclamen+purpurascens CalPhotos]
*[http://botany.cz/en/cyclamen-purpurascens/ photos of regular form];<br>[http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id163419/ ''Cyclamen fatrense''] (BOTANY.cz)
*[http://botany.cz/en/cyclamen-purpurascens/ photos of regular form];<br>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id163419/ ''Cyclamen fatrense''] (BOTANY.cz)
*{{sk icon}} [http://www.nahuby.sk/atlas-rastlin/Cyclamen-fatrense/cyklamen-fatransky/bramborik-fatransky-/ID10031 Cyclamen fatrense (photos)] — Atlas Rastlín, Nahuby.sk
*{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.nahuby.sk/atlas-rastlin/Cyclamen-fatrense/cyklamen-fatransky/bramborik-fatransky-/ID10031 Cyclamen fatrense (photos)] — Atlas Rastlín, Nahuby.sk
*[http://www.srgc.org.uk/smf/index.php?topic=2088.msg51651#msg51651 flowers]: Slovenia 2008 (Julian Alps) — Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum
*[http://www.srgc.org.uk/smf/index.php?topic=2088.msg51651#msg51651 flowers]: Slovenia 2008 (Julian Alps) — Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum
*[http://www.srgc.org.uk/bulblog/log2008/300708/log.html photo of plain-leaved form (Bulb Log Diary, 30th July 2008)]
*[http://www.srgc.org.uk/bulblog/log2008/300708/log.html photo of plain-leaved form (Bulb Log Diary, 30 July 2008)]
*[http://www.botanicni-vrt.si/pdf/cyclamen.pdf Leaf Patterning in ''Cyclamen purpurascens'' in Slovenia]
*[http://www.botanicni-vrt.si/pdf/cyclamen.pdf Leaf Patterning in ''Cyclamen purpurascens'' in Slovenia]
*[http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=611 RHS Plant Selector]
*[http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=611 RHS Plant Selector]{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/CyclamenSpeciesThree Pacific Bulb Society]
*[http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/CyclamenSpeciesThree Pacific Bulb Society]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q149344}}
⚫
[[Category:Cyclamen|purpurascens]]


⚫
[[Category:Cyclamen|purpurascens]]
[[de:Europäisches Alpenveilchen]]
[[dsb:Źiwa alpowa fijałka]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]
⚫
[[es:Cyclamen purpurascens]]
[[fr:Cyclamen purpurascens]]
[[hsb:Dźiwja alpska fijałka]]
[[hr:Divlja ciklama]]
[[it:Cyclamen purpurascens]]
[[hu:Erdei ciklámen]]
[[nl:Cyclamen purpurascens]]
[[ja:シクラメン・プルプラセンス]]
[[pl:Cyklamen purpurowy]]

Latest revision as of 20:15, 1 May 2024

Cyclamen purpurascens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Genus: Cyclamen
Subgenus: C. subg. Cyclamen
Species:
C. purpurascens
Binomial name
Cyclamen purpurascens
Synonyms
  • Cyclamen europaeum L.

Cyclamen purpurascens, the purple cyclamen, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Cyclamen of the family Primulaceae, native to central Europe, northern Italy, and former Yugoslavia. It is an evergreen tuberous perennial with (usually) variegated leaves, and deep pink flowers in summer.[1][2][3]

Etymology[edit]

The species name purpurāscēns is a present participle from the Latin verb purpurāscō "become purple".[4]

Distribution[edit]

Cyclamen purpurascens grows in deciduous or mixed woodland, especially among beeches and over limestone, at 250–1,300 m (800–4,300 ft) above sea level in continental Europe from eastern France across the Alps to Poland and south to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also found in mountainous parts of Romania and western Russia, where it has been introduced.

Description[edit]

  • Whole plant (Thomé, Flora von Deutschland)
    Whole plant (Thomé, Flora von Deutschland)
  • Closeup of flower
    Closeup of flower
  • Seed-bearing stem beginning to coil
    Seed-bearing stem beginning to coil
  • Two nearly ripe seed pods
    Two nearly ripe seed pods
  • A young tuber
    A young tuber
  • Leaf
    Leaf

C. purpurascens blooms from summer to autumn, keeps its leaves through the winter, and produces seeds and new leaves the next summer.

Tuber[edit]

Flowers and leaves come from buds at the top of a round-flattened tuber. Roots come from the sides and bottom. Older tubers may become distorted, forming "fingers" with separate growth points.[5] Misshapen tubers are also found in Cyclamen rohlfsianum.

Flowers[edit]

Flowers appear before or with the leaves, and have 5 upswept petals. Flowers are sweetly scented, ranging in color from pale rose-pink to purple or rose-carmine and are 17 to 25 mm (0.67 to 0.98 in) long. Petals are elliptical and twisted, often curled into auricles, although less prominent than those of Cyclamen hederifolium. Forma "album" has white flowers, though it is more difficult to establish. 'Lake Garda' has silver leaves and pink flowers.[1]

Leaves[edit]

Leaves are kidney-shaped to heart-shaped, as wide as long or wider. The leaf edge is smooth or slightly toothed, unlike the closely related species Cyclamen colchicum, which is always prominently toothed. Leaf color varies from all-green to all-silver, but the most common pattern is green with light green to silver marbling that roughly follows the outline of the leaf. The underside is red-purple. Because of the cool and moist climate in the plant's native range, it is almost evergreen: new leaves appear in summer while the old leaves are fading. All other cyclamens, except for the closely related Cyclamen colchicum, are summer-dormant in their native range.

Fruit[edit]

After fertilization, the flower stem coils tightly, starting at the end. Seeds, amber when ripe, are held in a round pod, which ripens the summer a year after flowering and opens by 5-10 flaps.

Subdivisions[edit]

Flower forms[edit]

Cyclamen purpurascens has three naturally occurring forms, distinguished by flower color:

  • Cyclamen purpurascens f. purpurascens — pink to purple flowers
  • Cyclamen purpurascens f. carmineolineatum — white flowers with thin band of carmine
  • Cyclamen purpurascens f. album — all-white flowers

Leaf forms[edit]

Plain leaf[edit]

Plain leaf forms have all-green leaves. A distinct plain-leaf form is the Fatra form, also called Cyclamen fatrense (misspelled fatranse), from the Fatra Mountains in Slovakia, which has plain leaves (either matt or shiny) and larger and more abundant flowers.

Silver leaf[edit]

Plants of the Silver Leaf Group have silver on the leaves. Subtypes include the Lake Bled form (silver with a netted pattern of veins near the margin), selected from plants near Lake Bled in the Julian Alps of Slovenia, and the Limone or Lake Garda form (silver with a very thin green border and gray arrowhead pattern in the center), selected from plants near Limone sul Garda near Lake Garda in Italy.

Other leaf patterns in the Lake Garda area include dark green with silver or lighter green marbling and plain green.[6]

Cultivars[edit]

The cultivated variety 'Green Ice', developed by Jan Bravenboer of Green Ice Nursery in the Netherlands, has a Christmas tree–shaped silver center and broad green margin. 'Green Lake' is similar, but has a light green zone in the center of the silver.[7]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Christopher Grey-Wilson (16 September 2009). The Rock Garden Plant Primer: Easy, Small Plants for Containers, Patios, and the Open Garden. Timber Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-88192-928-7. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  2. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  3. ^ "Cyclamen purpurascens". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  4. ^ purpurāscō. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  5. ^ Unusual Cyclamen purpurascens growth behaviour (photos of tuber). Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
  6. ^ Cyclamen around Lago di Garda. Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
  7. ^ Seed list. Green Ice Nursery.

Books[edit]

  • C. Grey-Wilson. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists, and botanists. 1997.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclamen purpurascens.
Wikispecies has information related to Cyclamen purpurascens.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen_purpurascens&oldid=1221755867"