General Electric GE38: Difference between revisions

GE38 / T408
	The T408 on a CH-53K King Stallion
Type	Turboshaft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	GE Aviation
First run	December 26, 1989
Major applications	Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion (T408)
Developed into	CFE CFE738

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The General Electric GE38 is a gas turbine developed by GE Aviation for turboprop and turboshaft applications. It powers the Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion as the T408.^[1]

Design and development[edit]

The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the United States Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate.^[2] Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool compressors at the time, the GE27^[3] was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft. The GE27 also had a compressor air flow of 27–28 pounds per second (12–13 kg/s) and a turbine temperature of 2,400–2,500 °F (1,320–1,370 °C; 2,860–2,960 °R; 1,590–1,640 K).^[2] The GE27 first ran in late 1984, but it unexpectedly lost the V-22 engine competition to the Allison 501-M80C, which was not a participant in the MTDE program.^[4]

In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of turboshafts, turboprops, turbofans, and propfans under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with Garrett (then a division of AlliedSignal) to develop the turbofan variant^[5] called the CFE (Commercial Fan Engines) CFE738, which used the GE27's gas generator core.^[2] One of a range of advertised GE38 unducted fan (UDF) sizes,^[5] the 9,620 lbf (4,360 kgf; 42.8 kN) takeoff thrust GE38-B5 was for a time the baseline engine for the West German-Chinese MPC-75 regional airliner.^[6] The GE38 became the T407 military turboprop in partnership with Lycoming Engines for the Lockheed P-7A, with a maximum takeoff power of 6,000 shp (4,475 kW). First run on December 26, 1989,^[7] the T407 engine was scheduled to undergo flight testing on a Lockheed P-3 Orion testbed aircraft in the summer of 1990,^[8] but the US Navy canceled Lockheed's P-7 contract on July 20, 1990.^[9] The commercial version of the T407 was the GLC38 (General Electric/Lycoming Commercial 38), which was unsuccessfully offered for several turboprop airliners in the late 1980s and early 1990s.^[2]

The new T408 (GE38-1B) is slated to power the new Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion three-engined helicopter for the US Marine Corps. It has a power rating of 7,500 shp.^[10] The GE38 completed its first round of ground testing in May 2010.^[11] Two test engines have completed over 1,000 hours of ground testing by November 2011. Five test engines will be used in the 5,000-hour test program.^[12] In September 2019, GE delivered the first production T408 engine to the U.S. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) for the CH-53K.^[13] GE also offered the engine to power the U.S. Navy's Ship-to-Shore Connector air-cushioned landing craft.

The T408 was also tested by the U.S. Army and Boeing as an alternative powerplant on an NCH-47D Chinook testbed helicopter. The helicopter configuration was ground tested beginning in late 2019, followed by an initial flight on September 22, 2020.^[14] Conclusion of the test trials was announced on May 12, 2021.^[15]

Variants[edit]

T407-GE-400

Lockheed P-7

T408-GE-400 (GE38-1B)

Boeing NCH-47D Chinook (flying testbed)^[16]
Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion

CFE CFE738: Turbofan variant of the T407-GE-400, used on the Dassault Falcon
CPX38: Proposed turboprop engine variant of the GE38-1B^[17]
GE38-3: An 8,000 shp (6,000 kW) class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006^[18]
GE38-B5: A contra-rotating, ungeared, unducted fan (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of 2,395 lb (1,086 kg), a UDF diameter of 85 inches (2.1 meters), and a blade count of 11 on one propeller and 9 on the other; provides a takeoff thrust of 9,644 lbf (4,374 kgf; 42.90 kN) with a thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of 0.240 lb/(lbf⋅h) (6.8 g/(kN⋅s)), and a cruise thrust of 2,190 lbf (990 kgf; 9.7 kN) with a TSFC of 0.519 lb/(lbf⋅h) (14.7 g/(kN⋅s)); proposed for the MPC 75 German-Chinese regional airliner in the late 1980s^[6]
GLC38: Proposed turboprop variant of the T407-GE-400

Applications[edit]

Boeing NCH-47D Chinook (flying testbed)
Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion

Specifications (T408)[edit]

Data from GE Aviation.^[19]

General characteristics

Type: Turboprop/turboshaft
Length: 57.5 inches (1.46 m)
Diameter: 27 inches (0.69 m)
Dry weight: 1,104.7 pounds (501.1 kg)

Components

Compressor: 5+1 Axi-Centrifugal compressor (5 axial stages and 1 centrifugal stage)
Turbine: a 3-Stage Power Turbine, a 2-stage-single crystal cooled HP turbine
Oil system: synthetic

Performance

Maximum power output: 7,500 shaft horsepower (5,600 kW)
Overall pressure ratio: 18.6:1 OPR
Specific fuel consumption: About 0.4 lb/(hp⋅h) (0.24 kg/kWh) (estimated)^[20]
Power-to-weight ratio: 6.8 shp/lb (11.2 kW/kg)

References[edit]

^ Sikorsky Unveils CH-53K Helicopter; U.S. Marine Corps Reveals Aircraft Name
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Leyes II, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 365–372. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.
^ Zoccoli, Michael J.; Rusterholz, Kenneth P. (June 1–4, 1992). "An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine" (PDF). Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Cologne, Germany: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/92-GT-147. ISBN 978-0-7918-7894-1. OCLC 8518815331.
^ "Navy surprise on V-22 power" (PDF). Propulsion. Flight International. Vol. 129, no. 3995. Detroit, Michigan, USA. January 25, 1986. p. 16. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles". Air Transport World. Vol. 23. September 1986. pp. 20+. ISSN 0002-2543. Gale A4426985.
^ ^a ^b MBB CATIC Association (July 1987). MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition (PDF) (Report). pp. B1–2, B1–13, B1–23, B1–25, B1–30 to B1–32, B1–37, B1–45 to B1–46, Appendix B1-4.1 pages 20 to 31.
^ Zoccoli, Michael J.; Klassen, David D. (June 11–14, 1990). "T407/GLC38: A Modern Technology Powerplant". T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' (PDF). Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Brussels, Belgium: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/90-GT-242. ISBN 978-0-7918-7905-4. OCLC 7344745132.
^ Munson, Kenneth; Jackson, Paul; Gunston, Bill (July 1990). "Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 7. p. 90. hdl:2027/osu.32435027300748. ISSN 0730-6784.
^ Vartabedian, Ralph (July 21, 1990). "Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020.
^ "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter". GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.
^ "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program". GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.
^ "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea". GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.
^ Grillo, Thomas (October 25, 2019). "GE sends first T408 to Navy". Lynn Daily Item. ISSN 1532-5709.
^ Trevithick, Joseph (September 23, 2020). "CH-47 Chinook with far more powerful T408 engines has flown for the first time". The Drive.
^ Jennings, Gareth (May 13, 2021). "US Army concludes trial of Chinook fitted with King Stallion engines". Jane's.
^ Reim, Garrett (14 July 2020). "CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ O'Connor, Bill (October 5, 2010). "Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade". AINonline.
^ National Research Council (NRC) (2006). "Derivative engine programs". A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs (Report). p. 95. doi:10.17226/11780. ISBN 978-0-309-10247-6. OCLC 1050643189.
^ Model GE38 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. GE Aviation. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.
^ deBock, Peter (September 18, 2019). GE turbines and small engines overview (PDF). 2019 INTEGRATE Annual Meeting. General Electric Global Research. ARPA-E. Retrieved September 23, 2021.

Bibliography[edit]

Trimble, Steve (October 14, 2020). "GE tests new FATE engine to offer Army upgraded T408". Aviation Week & Space Technology. ISSN 0005-2175.
General Electric T408 (PDF). World Power Systems Briefing (Aero). Teal Group Corporation (Report). July 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Trimble, Stephen (October 29 – November 4, 2013). "The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K" (PDF). Military engines. Flight International. No. 5413. pp. 38–39. ISSN 0015-3710. OCLC 5168234935. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2020.
"GE developing marine version of engine". Defense News. Lynn, Massachusetts, USA. United Press International (UPI). January 18, 2011.
Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 79. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.
Johnson, Edward T.; Lindsay, Howard (June 11–14, 1990). "Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future" (PDF). Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Brussels, Belgium: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/90-GT-267. ISBN 978-0-7918-7905-4. OCLC 8518938641.

External links[edit]

General Electric GE38 page
General Electric GE38 (United States), aero-engines - turboshaft. Jane's Aero-Engines. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012.
GE38 page on deagel.com

[1] Sikorsky Unveils CH-53K Helicopter; U.S. Marine Corps Reveals Aircraft Name

[Leyes-2] Leyes II, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 365–372. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.

[Zoccoli1992-3] Zoccoli, Michael J.; Rusterholz, Kenneth P. (June 1–4, 1992). "An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine" (PDF). Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Cologne, Germany: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/92-GT-147. ISBN 978-0-7918-7894-1. OCLC 8518815331.

[Osprey-4] "Navy surprise on V-22 power" (PDF). Propulsion. Flight International. Vol. 129, no. 3995. Detroit, Michigan, USA. January 25, 1986. p. 16. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2014.

[ATW198609Battles-5] "Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles". Air Transport World. Vol. 23. September 1986. pp. 20+. ISSN 0002-2543. Gale A4426985.

[MPC75Report1987-6] MBB CATIC Association (July 1987). MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition (PDF) (Report). pp. B1–2, B1–13, B1–23, B1–25, B1–30 to B1–32, B1–37, B1–45 to B1–46, Appendix B1-4.1 pages 20 to 31.

[ZoccoliKlassen1990-7] Zoccoli, Michael J.; Klassen, David D. (June 11–14, 1990). "T407/GLC38: A Modern Technology Powerplant". T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' (PDF). Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Brussels, Belgium: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/90-GT-242. ISBN 978-0-7918-7905-4. OCLC 7344745132.

[AFM199007-8] Munson, Kenneth; Jackson, Paul; Gunston, Bill (July 1990). "Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 7. p. 90. hdl:2027/osu.32435027300748. ISSN 0730-6784.

[LATimes1990-9] Vartabedian, Ralph (July 21, 1990). "Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020.

[10] "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter". GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.

[11] "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program". GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.

[12] "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea". GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.

[DailyItem20191025-13] Grillo, Thomas (October 25, 2019). "GE sends first T408 to Navy". Lynn Daily Item. ISSN 1532-5709.

[Drive20200923-14] Trevithick, Joseph (September 23, 2020). "CH-47 Chinook with far more powerful T408 engines has flown for the first time". The Drive.

[Janes20210513-15] Jennings, Gareth (May 13, 2021). "US Army concludes trial of Chinook fitted with King Stallion engines". Jane's.

[Garrett-16] Reim, Garrett (14 July 2020). "CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

[AIN20101005-17] O'Connor, Bill (October 5, 2010). "Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade". AINonline.

[nrc2006-18] National Research Council (NRC) (2006). "Derivative engine programs". A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs (Report). p. 95. doi:10.17226/11780. ISBN 978-0-309-10247-6. OCLC 1050643189.

[19] Model GE38 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. GE Aviation. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.

[GE_ARPA-E-20] Bock, Peter (September 18, 2019). GE turbines and small engines overview (PDF). 2019 INTEGRATE Annual Meeting. General Electric Global Research. ARPA-E. Retrieved September 23, 2021.

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+{{Short description|Gas turbine}}
 <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout, and guidelines. -->
 {|{{Infobox aircraft begin
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
  |national origin = [[United States]]
  |manufacturer= [[GE Aviation]]
- |first run= 1980s
+ |first run= December 26, 1989
  |major applications= [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] (T408)
  |number built =
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 ==Design and development==
-The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the [[United States Army]] [[Aviation Applied Technology Directorate]].<ref name="Leyes"/> Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool [[compressor]]s at the time, the GE27<ref name="Zoccoli1992"/> was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey]] [[tiltrotor]] aircraft.<ref name="Leyes"/>
+The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the [[United States Army]] [[Aviation Applied Technology Directorate]].<ref name="Leyes"/> Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool [[compressor]]s at the time, the GE27<ref name="Zoccoli1992"/> was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey]] [[tiltrotor]] aircraft. The GE27 also had a compressor air flow of {{convert|27|–|28|lb/s|kg/s}} and a turbine temperature of {{convert|2,400|–|2,500|F|C R K}}.<ref name="Leyes"/> The GE27 first ran in late 1984, but it unexpectedly lost the V-22 engine competition to the [[Allison T56 variants|Allison 501-M80C]], which was not a participant in the MTDE program.<ref name="Osprey">{{cite magazine |magazine=Flight International |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1986/1986%20-%200210.PDF |title=Navy surprise on V-22 power |location=Detroit, Michigan, USA |publication-date=January 25, 1986 |page=16 |department=Propulsion |volume=129 |number=3995 |issn=0015-3710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014958/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1986/1986%20-%200210.PDF |archive-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref>
-In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of [[turboshafts]], [[turboprops]], [[turbofans]], and [[propfan]]s under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] (then a division of [[AlliedSignal]]) to develop the turbofan variant<ref name="ATW198609Battles">{{cite magazine |title=Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles |magazine=Air Transport World |publication-date=September 1986 |issn=0002-2543 |volume=23 |pages=20+ |via=[[Gale Research]]}}</ref> called the [[CFE Company|CFE]] (Commercial Fan Engines) [[CFE738]], which used the GE27's gas generator core.<ref name="Leyes"/> One of a range of advertised GE38 [[unducted fan]] (UDF) sizes,<ref name="ATW198609Battles"/> the {{cvt|9,620|lbf|kgf kN|adj=mid}} takeoff thrust GE38-B5 was for a time the baseline engine for the West German-Chinese [[MPC-75]] regional airliner.<ref name="MPC75Report1987"/> The GE38 became the ''T407'' military turboprop in partnership with [[Lycoming Engines]] for the [[Lockheed P-7]]A, with a maximum takeoff power of 6,000&nbsp;shp (4,475&nbsp;kW). The T407 engine was scheduled to fly on a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] [[testbed aircraft]] in the summer of 1990,<ref name="AFM199007">{{cite magazine |issn=0730-6784 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |title=Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435027300748?urlappend=%3Bseq=738 |given1=Kenneth |surname1=Munson |given2=Paul |surname2=Jackson |given3=Bill |surname3=Gunston |publication-date=July 1990 |page=90 |hdl=2027/osu.32435027300748 |volume=73 |number=7}}</ref> but the US Navy canceled Lockheed's P-7 contract on July 20, 1990.<ref name="LATimes1990">{{cite news |issn=0458-3035 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html |publication-date=July 21, 1990 |given=Ralph |surname=Vartabedian |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029061122/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html}}</ref> The commercial version of the T407 was the ''GLC38'' (General Electric/Lycoming Commercial 38), which was unsuccessfully offered for several turboprop airliners in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="Leyes"/>
+In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of [[turboshafts]], [[turboprops]], [[turbofans]], and [[propfan]]s under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] (then a division of [[AlliedSignal]]) to develop the turbofan variant<ref name="ATW198609Battles">{{cite magazine |title=Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles |magazine=Air Transport World |publication-date=September 1986 |issn=0002-2543 |volume=23 |pages=20+ |id={{Gale|A4426985}}}}</ref> called the [[CFE Company|CFE]] (Commercial Fan Engines) [[CFE738]], which used the GE27's gas generator core.<ref name="Leyes"/> One of a range of advertised GE38 [[unducted fan]] (UDF) sizes,<ref name="ATW198609Battles"/> the {{cvt|9,620|lbf|kgf kN|adj=mid}} takeoff thrust GE38-B5 was for a time the baseline engine for the West German-Chinese [[MPC-75]] regional airliner.<ref name="MPC75Report1987"/> The GE38 became the ''T407'' military turboprop in partnership with [[Lycoming Engines]] for the [[Lockheed P-7]]A, with a maximum takeoff power of 6,000&nbsp;shp (4,475&nbsp;kW). First run on December 26, 1989,<ref name="ZoccoliKlassen1990"/> the T407 engine was scheduled to undergo [[flight testing]] on a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] [[testbed aircraft]] in the summer of 1990,<ref name="AFM199007">{{cite magazine |issn=0730-6784 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |title=Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435027300748?urlappend=%3Bseq=738 |given1=Kenneth |surname1=Munson |given2=Paul |surname2=Jackson |given3=Bill |surname3=Gunston |publication-date=July 1990 |page=90 |hdl=2027/osu.32435027300748 |volume=73 |number=7}}</ref> but the US Navy canceled Lockheed's P-7 contract on July 20, 1990.<ref name="LATimes1990">{{cite news |issn=0458-3035 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html |publication-date=July 21, 1990 |given=Ralph |surname=Vartabedian |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029061122/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html}}</ref> The commercial version of the T407 was the ''GLC38'' (General Electric/Lycoming Commercial 38), which was unsuccessfully offered for several turboprop airliners in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="Leyes"/>
 The new ''T408'' (''GE38-1B'') is slated to power the new [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] three-engined helicopter for the US Marine Corps.  It has a power rating of 7,500 shp.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151224112343/http://www.geaviation.com/press/military/military_20070124.html "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter"]. GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.</ref>  The GE38 completed its first round of ground testing in May 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211085533/http://geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20100506.html "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program"]. GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.</ref> Two test engines have completed over 1,000 hours of ground testing by November 2011. Five test engines will be used in the 5,000-hour test program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110808161113/http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20110118.html "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea"]. GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.</ref> In September 2019, GE delivered the first production T408 engine to the U.S. [[Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR) for the CH-53K.<ref name="DailyItem20191025"/> GE also offered the engine to power the U.S. Navy's [[Ship-to-Shore Connector]] [[air-cushioned landing craft]].
+The T408 was also tested by the U.S. Army and [[Boeing]] as an alternative powerplant on an N[[CH-47]]D Chinook testbed helicopter. The helicopter configuration was ground tested beginning in late 2019, followed by an initial flight on September 22, 2020.<ref name="Drive20200923">{{cite news |work=The Drive |title=CH-47 Chinook with far more powerful T408 engines has flown for the first time |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36665/ch-47-chinook-with-far-more-powerful-t408-engines-has-flown-for-the-first-time |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |date=September 23, 2020}}</ref> Conclusion of the test trials was announced on May 12, 2021.<ref name="Janes20210513">{{cite news |work=Jane's |title=US Army concludes trial of Chinook fitted with King Stallion engines |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-army-concludes-trial-of-chinook-fitted-with-king-stallion-engines |date=May 13, 2021 |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url-access=limited}}</ref>
-==Variants and applications==
+==Variants==
 ;T407-GE-400
 * [[Lockheed P-7]]
 ;T408-GE-400 (GE38-1B)
-* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed)<ref name="Garrett">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/farnborough-2020/ch-47-chinook-flight-tests-with-more-powerful-ge-t408-engine-could-begin-within-weeks/139293.article|title=CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks|last=Garrett|date=14 July 2020|work=FlightGlobal|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
+* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed)<ref name="Garrett">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/farnborough-2020/ch-47-chinook-flight-tests-with-more-powerful-ge-t408-engine-could-begin-within-weeks/139293.article|title=CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks|first=Garrett|last=Reim|date=14 July 2020|work=[[FlightGlobal]]|url-access=limited|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
-* [[Sikorsky CH-53K]]
+* [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]]
 ;[[CFE CFE738]]: Turbofan variant of the T407-GE-400, used on the [[Dassault Falcon]]
 ;CPX38: Proposed turboprop engine variant of the GE38-1B<ref name="AIN20101005">{{cite news |work=[[AINonline]] |title=Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2010-10-05/turboprop-version-ge38-turboshaft-due-mid-decade |given=Bill |surname=O'Connor |date=October 5, 2010}}</ref>
-;GE38-3: An {{cvt|8,000|shp|adj=mid}} class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006<ref name="">{{cite report |author=[[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] (NRC) |title=A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs |section=Derivative engine programs |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11780/chapter/5#95 |page=95 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-309-10247-6 |doi=10.17226/11780 |oclc=1050643189}}</ref>
+;GE38-3: An {{cvt|8,000|shp|adj=mid}} class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006<ref name="nrc2006">{{cite report |author=[[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] (NRC) |title=A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs |section=Derivative engine programs |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11780/chapter/5#95 |page=95 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-309-10247-6 |doi=10.17226/11780 |oclc=1050643189}}</ref>
-;GE38-B5: A [[contra-rotating]], ungeared, [[unducted fan]] (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of {{cvt|2,395|lb}}, a UDF diameter of {{cvt|2.1|m|in|order=flip}}, and a blade count of 11 on one propeller and 9 on the other; provides a [[takeoff]] thrust of {{cvt|9,644|lbf|kgf kN}} with a [[thrust-specific fuel consumption]] (TSFC) of {{cvt|0.240|tsfc}}, and a cruise thrust of {{cvt|2,190|lbf|kgf kN}} with a TSFC of {{cvt|0.519|tsfc}}; proposed for the [[MPC 75]] German-Chinese regional airliner in the late 1980s<ref name="MPC75Report1987">{{cite report |author=MBB CATIC Association |title=MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition |url=https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf |date=July 1987 |pages=[https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=5 B1–2], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=15 B1–13], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=25 B1–23], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=27 B1–25], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=32 B1–30] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=34 B1–32], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=39 B1–37], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=47 B1–45] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=48 B1–46], Appendix B1-4.1 pages [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=74 20] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=85 31]}}</ref>
+;GE38-B5: A [[contra-rotating]], ungeared, [[unducted fan]] (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of {{cvt|2,395|lb}}, a UDF diameter of {{convert|2.1|m|in|order=flip|round=5|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and a blade count of 11 on one propeller and 9 on the other; provides a [[takeoff]] thrust of {{cvt|9,644|lbf|kgf kN}} with a [[thrust-specific fuel consumption]] (TSFC) of {{cvt|0.240|tsfc}}, and a cruise thrust of {{cvt|2,190|lbf|kgf kN}} with a TSFC of {{cvt|0.519|tsfc}}; proposed for the [[MPC 75]] German-Chinese regional airliner in the late 1980s<ref name="MPC75Report1987">{{cite report |author=MBB CATIC Association |title=MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition |url=https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf |date=July 1987 |pages=[https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=5 B1–2], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=15 B1–13], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=25 B1–23], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=27 B1–25], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=32 B1–30] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=34 B1–32], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=39 B1–37], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=47 B1–45] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=48 B1–46], Appendix B1-4.1 pages [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=74 20] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=85 31]}}</ref>
 ;GLC38: Proposed turboprop variant of the T407-GE-400
+==Applications==
+* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed)
+* [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]]
 ==Specifications (T408)==
@@ Line 65: / Line 72: @@
 |turbinetemp=
 |fuelcon=
+|specfuelcon=About {{cvt|0.4|lb/hph}} (estimated)<ref name="GE_ARPA-E">{{cite conference |work=General Electric Global Research |title=GE turbines and small engines overview |publisher=[[ARPA-E]] |access-date=September 23, 2021 |url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/14_deBock_GE%20Turbines%20and%20small%20engines%20overview%20-%20ARPA-e%20INTEGRATE%20V2.pdf#page=5 |conference-url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/2019-integrate-annual-meeting |first=Peter |last=deBock |conference=2019 INTEGRATE Annual Meeting |date=September 18, 2019}}</ref>
-|specfuelcon=
 |power/weight=6.8 shp/lb (11.2 kW/kg)
 |thrust/weight=
@@ Line 71: / Line 78: @@
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|Aviation}}
 {{Aircontent
 |see also=
@@ Line 76: / Line 84: @@
 |related=
 * [[CFE CFE738]]
+* [[General Electric GE36]]
 |similar engines=
 * [[Allison T406]]
+* [[Honeywell T55]]
+* [[Pratt & Whitney PW150]]
 |lists=
 * [[List of aircraft engines]]
@@ Line 85: / Line 96: @@
 {{reflist|refs=
   <ref name="DailyItem20191025">{{cite news |issn=1532-5709 |work=[[The Daily Item (Lynn)|Lynn Daily Item]] |title=GE sends first T408 to Navy |url=https://www.itemlive.com/2019/10/25/ge-sends-first-t408-to-navy/ |date=October 25, 2019 |given=Thomas |surname=Grillo}}</ref>
-  <ref name="Zoccoli1992">{{cite conference |conference=International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 1–4, 1992 |location=Cologne, Germany |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=Kenneth P. |surname2=Rusterholz |title=An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1992/78941/V002T02A006/2401731/v002t02a006-92-gt-147.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518815331 |doi=10.1115/92-GT-147|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+  <ref name="Zoccoli1992">{{cite conference |conference=International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 1–4, 1992 |location=Cologne, Germany |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=Kenneth P. |surname2=Rusterholz |title=Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery |chapter=An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1992/78941/V002T02A006/2401731/v002t02a006-92-gt-147.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518815331 |doi=10.1115/92-GT-147|isbn=978-0-7918-7894-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+  <ref name="ZoccoliKlassen1990">{{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=David D. |surname2=Klassen |title=T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' |chapter=T407/GLC38: A Modern Technology Powerplant |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A017/2399305/v002t02a017-90-gt-242.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=7344745132 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-242 |isbn=978-0-7918-7905-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
   <ref name="Leyes">{{cite book |surname1=Leyes II |given1=Richard A. |given2=William A. |surname2=Fleming |title= The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |location= Washington, DC |year= 1999 |isbn= 1-56347-332-1 |url={{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=frontcover}} |pages=[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=365}} 365]–[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=372}} 372]}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 93: / Line 105: @@
 * {{cite magazine |issn=0005-2175 |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |title=GE tests new FATE engine to offer Army upgraded T408 |url=https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/ausa-2020/ge-tests-new-fate-engine-offer-army-upgraded-t408 |date=October 14, 2020 |given=Steve |surname=Trimble}}
 * {{cite report |work=Teal Group Corporation |title=General Electric T408 |url=http://tealgroup.com/images/TGCTOC/sample-wpsba2.pdf |publication-date=July 2020 |department=World Power Systems Briefing (Aero) |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614022404/http://tealgroup.com/images/TGCTOC/sample-wpsba2.pdf}}
-* {{cite magazine |issn=0015-3710 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |title=The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K |url=https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf |given=Stephen |surname=Trimble |pages=38–39 |publication-date=October 29 – November 4, 2013 |department=Military engines |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029032031/https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf}}
+* {{cite magazine |issn=0015-3710 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |title=The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K |url=https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf |given=Stephen |surname=Trimble |pages=38–39 |publication-date=October 29 – November 4, 2013 |department=Military engines |number=5413 |oclc=5168234935 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029032031/https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf}}
 * {{cite news |agency=[[United Press International]] (UPI) |title=GE developing marine version of engine |url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2011/01/18/GE-developing-marine-version-of-engine/11121295355769/ |department=Defense News |date=January 18, 2011 |location=Lynn, Massachusetts, USA}}
 * {{cite book |last= Gunston |first= Bill |title= World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition |year= 2006 |publisher= Sutton Publishing Limited |location= Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK |isbn= 0-7509-4479-X |page= 79 }}
-* {{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Edward T. |surname1=Johnson |given2=Howard |surname2=Lindsay |title=Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A023/2399321/v002t02a023-90-gt-267.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518938641 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-267|doi-access=free }}
+* {{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Edward T. |surname1=Johnson |given2=Howard |surname2=Lindsay |title=Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery |chapter=Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A023/2399321/v002t02a023-90-gt-267.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518938641 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-267|isbn=978-0-7918-7905-4 |doi-access=free }}
-* {{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=David D. |surname2=Klassen |title=T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A017/2399305/v002t02a017-90-gt-242.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=7344745132 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-242|doi-access=free }}
 {{refend}}

v t e GE Aircraft Engines/GE Aviation/GE Aerospace aircraft engines
Turbojets	CJ610 CJ805 GE1 GE4/J5 I-A J31 J33 J35 J47 J73 J79 J85 J87 YJ93 J97 YJ101
Turbofans	Affinity CF6 CF34 CF700 CFE738† CFM56† CJ805-23 GE90 GE9X GEnx GP7000† HF120† LEAP† Passport F101 F108† F110 F118 YF120 F136† F404/F412 F414 RM12† RM16 TF34 TF39 XA100 XA102
Turboprops and turboshafts	Catalyst CT7 CT58 CT64 GE27 GE38 H-Series T31 T58 T64 T407 T408 T700 T901
Aeroderivative gas turbine engines	LM500 LM1500 LM1600 LM2500 LM6000 LM9000 LMS100
Propfans	GE36 RISE†
† Joint development aeroengines

v t e United States military gas turbine aircraft engine designation system
Turbojets	J30 J31 J32 J33 J34 J35 J36 J37 XJ38 J39 J40 XJ41 J42 J43 J44 J45 J46 J47 J48 XJ49 J51 J52 J53 J54 J55 J56 J57 J58 J59 J60 J61 J63 J65 J67 J69 J71 J73 J75 J79 J81 J83 J85 J87 J89 J91 YJ93 J95 J97 J99 J100 YJ101 J102 J400 J401 J402 J403 J700
Turboprops/ Turboshafts	T30 T31 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 T39 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T50 T51 T52 T53 T54 T55 T56 (variants) T57 T58 T60 T61 T62 T63 T64 T65 T66 T67 T68 T69 T70 T71 T72 T73 T74 T76 T78 T80 T100 T101 T400 T405 T406 T407 T408 T700 T701 T702 T703 T706 T708 LHTEC T800 APW T800 T900 T901
Turbofans	TF30 TF31 TF32 TF33 TF34 TF35 TF37 TF39 TF41 F100 F101 F102 F103 F104 F105 F106 F107 F108 F109 F110 F112 F113 F117 F118 F119 YF120 F121 F122 F124 F125 F126 F127 F128 F129 F130 F135 F136 F137 F138 F400 F401 F402 F404 F405 F408 F412 F414 F415
Adaptive cycle engines	XA100 XA101 XA102 XA103