Operation Unified Response: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 01:50, 21 August 2022

Operation Unified Response was the United States military's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.^[1] It was conducted by Joint Task Force Haiti and commanded by United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) Military Deputy Commander Lieutenant General Ken Keen, although the overall U.S. government response was headed by Rajiv Shah, administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).^[2]

The response included personnel from all branches of the military.^[3] The U.S. Navy listed its resources in the area on 19 January as "17 ships, 48 helicopters and 12 fixed-wing aircraft" in addition to 10,000 sailors and Marines.^[4] By 26 January, the U.S. military had 17,000 personnel in and around Haiti.^[5] Between the beginning of relief efforts and 18 February the US Air Force had delivered nearly 6,000 support members and 19 million pounds of cargo while evacuating 15,000 American citizens and conducted aeromedical evacuations for 223 critical Haitian patients.^[6]

Elements of the mission included flying in relief supplies, flying out evacuees, including medical evacuees, loading helicopters with supplies at the PAP airport, and then dropping supplies at various points around Port-au-Prince, airdropping supplies from fixed-wing aircraft, establishing a field hospital near the Port international de Port-au-Prince, repairing a pier at the port, providing imagery from satellite, Global Hawk, and U-2 assets.

Mission timeline[edit]

Air traffic control operations by USAF Special Operations Combat Controllers at Port-au-Prince airport.

The United States Coast Guard cutters USCGC Forward (WMEC-911) and USCGC Mohawk (WMEC-913), both arrived in Port-au-Prince, on 13 January. A Maritime Intelligence Support Team aboard the Forward assessed damage to the port.^[7] The cutters were supported by the destroyer USS Higgins (DDG-76).^[8] Two United States Air Force special operations MC-130H Combat Talon II aircraft also arrived 13 January with emergency supplies, medical units and special tactics teams.^[9] Other Coast Guard ships including the USCGC Valiant (WMEC-621) and the USCGC Tahoma (WMEC-908) were dispatched.^[10]
As of 14 January, United States Air Force Special Operations personnel were controlling operations of the Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince, after having cleared runways and having set up a 24-hour air traffic control.^[11]
On 15 January, the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) arrived off the coast of Port-au-Prince to provide humanitarian aid, with its trained personnel, emergency supplies and 19 helicopters on deck.^[12]^[13]

The United States Navy hospital ship USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) with 1,000 beds and 956 naval hospital staff was deployed to Haiti, as were the guided-missile frigate USS Underwood (FFG-36), and the guided missile cruiser USS Normandy (CG-60).^[14]^[15]^[16]
Approximately 2,200 United States Marines of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit from Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune sailed on the USS Bataan (LHD-5), USS Carter Hall (LSD-50), and USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43);^[17] while 3,000 United States Army soldiers of the XVIII Airborne Corps HQ and the 82nd Airborne Division from Fort Bragg were sent beginning on 13 January.^[16]^[18]^[19]
On 16 January, USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) arrived in Haiti to assist the Carl Vinson.^[20]
On 17 January, the USCGC Oak (WLB-211) and the USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51) arrived at Port-au-Prince to begin repairs to the wharves.
On the 18th, USS Gunston Hall (LSD-44) anchored at Killick base, and started relief operations.^[21]
Additional Marines from the 24th MEU on the USS Nassau (LHA-4), USS Mesa Verde (LPD-19), and USS Ashland (LSD-48),^[22] which sailed from Naval Station Norfolk on the 18th, were diverted on the 20th from their scheduled deployment to the Middle East.^[23] This was the first use of the V-22 Osprey for a humanitarian mission.^[22]
Four injured personnel from the United States embassy were evacuated to the naval base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by United States Coast Guard helicopters.^[24]^[25]
As of 21 January, approximately 10,500 people have been evacuated from Haiti to the US, including 8,300 US citizens.^[26] Approximately 45,000 American citizens were thought to have been in Haiti at the time of the earthquake.
On 21 January, Air National Guard (ANG) air traffic controllers from the 260th Air Traffic Control Squadron (ATCS) in collaboration with the 248th ATCS, the 258th ATCS and the FAA took over air traffic control operations at Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince. With an exorbitant amount of supplies, support, and aide in conjunction with evacuation operations, Toussaint Louverture International Airport became the busiest single runway Airport in the world averaging 675 operation per day.
On 1 February, the Carl Vinson, Bunker Hill, and USNS Henson (T-AGS-63) ended their mission departed Haiti.^[27]
On 3 February, the Higgins ended its relief mission and has headed for its home port.^[28]
On 8 February, the 24th MEU and Nassau amphibious ready group were ordered to resume their original deployment to the Middle East.^[29]
On 12 February, the US relief force has been reduced from roughly 20,000 troops to roughly 13,000 troops.^[30]
On 13 February, the Gundston Hall ended its relief mission and has headed back to its original mission.^[31]
On 14 February, the 190th Civil Engineering Squadron of the Kansas Air National Guard returned home.^[32]
On 18 February, the Oak has left Haiti and arrived back at home port.^[33]
On 1 March, Carter Hall was ordered home.^[34]
On 8 March, Comfort had discharged its last patient,^[34] and departed on 10 March.^[35]
On 24 March, the 22nd MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.^[36]

International reactions[edit]

The United Nations expressed approval of the mission by United States and stated that the American troops would not stay long.^[37]^[38]

Elements of the public of France expressed dissatisfaction with both the much larger size of the American relief operations compared to those of European nations and the commanding role U.S. forces took on the ground.^[39] Reflecting these feelings the French Minister for the Francophonie, Alain Joyandet, characterized the United States as "occupying" Haiti, citing the take over of air traffic control in the country.^[40]

Several Latin American leaders accused the United States of militarily occupying Haiti. These socialist leaders, all long-time critics of the United States, included Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez^[41]^[42] former Cuban President Fidel Castro,^[43] Bolivian President Evo Morales^[44] and Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega.^[45]^[46] Through its Department of State the United States rejected the allegations and pointed to the fact that US forces were there by the invitation of the Haitian government.^[47] Despite this United States Congressman Ron Paul (R-Texas) opposed House of Representatives Resolution 1021,^[48] citing concerns over "the possibility of an open-ended US military occupation of Haiti".^[49]^[50]

Legacy[edit]

Air Force Chief Master Sergeant Antonio D. Travis was named one of the top 100 most influential people of 2010 by TIME Magazine for his role in Operation Unified Response. Chief Travis is a combat controller who deployed to Port-au-Prince just 30 hours after the earthquake. His team set up a card table to conduct air traffic control operations for Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport, and was recognized for orchestrating the largest single-runway operation in history. The combat control team ran the airport for 12 days before US Air Force air traffic controllers took over. During those 12 days the team oversaw more than 4,000 takeoffs and landings, an average of one every five minutes. Their efforts are credited for ensuring the safe delivery many humanitarian relief teams from around the world and thousands of tons of life saving supplies.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]

External links[edit]

United States Southern Command

References[edit]

^ Air Mobility Command Public Affairs (17 January 2010). "AMC Airmen critical to Operation Unified Response assisting Haiti earthquake victims". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
^ "Joint Task Force-Haiti launched". KBH News.com. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ Melia, Mike; Paul Haven (21 January 2010). "U.S. presence grows as aid trickles into Haiti". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs (12 January 2010). "U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts". Navy.mil. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
^ Numbers tell stories of horror, heroism in Haiti, CNN, 26 January 2010
^ Stock, Jon (18 February 2010). "AMC Total Force provides hope to Haiti". Air Mobility Command Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
^ US Coast Guard press release, 13 January 2010, http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/
^ "First U.S. vessel arrives at Port-au-Prince". NBC News. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
^ US Air Force press release, 13 January 2010, https://archive.today/20120728115515/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581
^ "Coast Guard sends cutters, aircraft to Haiti – Navy News, news from Iraq". Navy Times. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ Fox 10, WALA TV/Associated Press, Mobile, AL, 14 Jan, "Dozens of cargo planes arrive in Haiti". Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ US Navy, press release, 15 January 2010, http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50545
^ "U.S. Coast Guard Evacuating Haitian Girl with Injuries". commons.wikimedia.org. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ Reilly, Corinne. "Local military providing aid in Haiti | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com". HamptonRoads.com. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ "Southcom sending experts, equipment to Haiti – Florida AP". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved 13 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ""FACTBOX-U.S. military mobilizes thousands for Haiti relief" Reuters. 14 Jan 2010 21:20:24 GMT". Alertnet.org. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ Faram, Mark D. (19 January 2010). "Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today". Navy Times. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
^ "How the U.S. Military Will Help Haiti". Time. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ "U.S. joins international aid mobilization for Haiti quake victims". 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
^ Fuentes, Gidget (16 January 2010). "Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission". Navy Times. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ "Navy in Hampton Roads answers call to duty in Haiti". WVEC. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b Talton, Trista (20 January 2010). "24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ Ewing, Philip (20 January 2010). "Nassau ARG, 24th MEU, tapped for Haiti". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
^ "U.S. plans massive military response for Haiti". Associated Press. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^ Katz, Jonathan. "Tens of thousands feared dead after Haiti quake". Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^ "21-Jan-2010 Update". CNN. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ Hampton Roads, "The Carl Vinson departs Haiti", Lauren King, 1 February 2010 (accessed 2 February 2010)
^ SignOn San Diego, "Navy destroyer to return after helping out in Haiti", Jeanette Steele, 3 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010)
^ Lamothe, Dan (8 February 2010). "24th MEU, Nassau ARG complete Haiti work". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ Agence France Presse, "US reduces troop numbers in Haiti", AFP, 13 February 2010 (accessed 18 February 2010)
^ WVEC, "Little Creek-based USS Gunston Hall completes Haiti duty" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, US Navy, 15 February 2010 (accessed 16 February 2010)
^ FOX 4 KC, "Kansas National Guard Returns From Haiti" ^{[permanent dead link]}, Dave Dunn, 14 February 2010 (accessed 18 February 2010)
^ The State, "SC-based cutter returns after helping in Haiti" ^{[permanent dead link]}, Associated Press, 18 February 2010 (accessed 23 February 2010)
^ ^a ^b Navy Times, "Navy’s Haiti duties winding down", Philip Ewing, 8 March 2010 (accessed 8 March 2010)
^ Associated Press, "US hospital ship Comfort leaving Haiti", AP, 10 March 2010 (accessed 13 March 2010)
^ "Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti". Marine Corps Times. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ CyberPresse.ca, "L'ONU défend l'engagement militaire du Canada en Haïti", Agence France-Presse, 2 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010) (in French)
^ Metropole Haiti, "Haiti : Les troupes Américaines se retireront", Radio Métropole Haïti, 2 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010) (in French)
^ (in French) Le Figaro, "Haïti : le mariage forcé franco-américain", Alain Barluet, 22 January 2010 (accessed 30 January 2010)
^ Digital Journal, "French minister accuses U.S. of 'occupying ' Haiti", Michael Krebs, 19 January 2010 (accessed 4 February 2010)
^ "Hugo Chavez Mouthpiece Says U.S. Hit Haiti With 'Earthquake Weapon'". Fox News. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ "Chavez says U.S. occupying Haiti in name of aid". Reuters. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ "Castro decries US, others sending troops to Haiti". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Castro slams US 'occupation' of Haiti". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ "Venezuela to U.S.: Send Haiti vaccines, not troops". Reuters. 24 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ "Snapshots From A Devastated Land". Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "US rejects Latin American claim it is 'occupying' Haiti". Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ Text of USHOR Resolution 1021
^ "No Military Occupation of Haiti". Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ "TRAIL BLAZERS Blog | The Dallas Morning News". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010.
^ Small, David (29 April 2010). "TIME magazine recognizes Airman in top 100". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Davis III, Bernie (5 May 2010). "TIME magazine honors Airman at New York City gala". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ McFadden, Joe (11 May 2010). "One more hooah left in me". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Sullenberger, Chesley (29 April 2010). "Chief Master Sergeant Tony Travis". TIME Magazine. The 2010 TIME 100. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[1] Air Mobility Command Public Affairs (17 January 2010). "AMC Airmen critical to Operation Unified Response assisting Haiti earthquake victims". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.

[2] "Joint Task Force-Haiti launched". KBH News.com. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.

[USmilitary_MCT-3] Melia, Mike; Paul Haven (21 January 2010). "U.S. presence grows as aid trickles into Haiti". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[4] U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs (12 January 2010). "U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts". Navy.mil. Retrieved 20 January 2010.

[5] Numbers tell stories of horror, heroism in Haiti, CNN, 26 January 2010

[6] Stock, Jon (18 February 2010). "AMC Total Force provides hope to Haiti". Air Mobility Command Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

[7] US Coast Guard press release, 13 January 2010, http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/

[8] "First U.S. vessel arrives at Port-au-Prince". NBC News. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.

[9] US Air Force press release, 13 January 2010, https://archive.today/20120728115515/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581

[10] "Coast Guard sends cutters, aircraft to Haiti – Navy News, news from Iraq". Navy Times. Retrieved 15 January 2010.

[11] Fox 10, WALA TV/Associated Press, Mobile, AL, 14 Jan, "Dozens of cargo planes arrive in Haiti". Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[12] US Navy, press release, 15 January 2010, http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50545

[13] "U.S. Coast Guard Evacuating Haitian Girl with Injuries". commons.wikimedia.org. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2016.

[14] Reilly, Corinne. "Local military providing aid in Haiti | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com". HamptonRoads.com. Retrieved 15 January 2010.

[15] "Southcom sending experts, equipment to Haiti – Florida AP". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved 13 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[FACTBOX-16] ""FACTBOX-U.S. military mobilizes thousands for Haiti relief" Reuters. 14 Jan 2010 21:20:24 GMT". Alertnet.org. Retrieved 15 January 2010.

[22nd_MEU-17] Faram, Mark D. (19 January 2010). "Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today". Navy Times. Retrieved 20 January 2010.

[18] "How the U.S. Military Will Help Haiti". Time. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[19] "U.S. joins international aid mobilization for Haiti quake victims". 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.

[20] Fuentes, Gidget (16 January 2010). "Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission". Navy Times. Retrieved 16 January 2010.

[21] "Navy in Hampton Roads answers call to duty in Haiti". WVEC. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.

[24MEU_Haiti-22] Talton, Trista (20 January 2010). "24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[24th_MEU-23] Ewing, Philip (20 January 2010). "Nassau ARG, 24th MEU, tapped for Haiti". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.

[usmil-24] "U.S. plans massive military response for Haiti". Associated Press. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.

[25] Katz, Jonathan. "Tens of thousands feared dead after Haiti quake". Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.

[US_Evacuees-26] "21-Jan-2010 Update". CNN. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[27] Hampton Roads, "The Carl Vinson departs Haiti", Lauren King, 1 February 2010 (accessed 2 February 2010)

[28] SignOn San Diego, "Navy destroyer to return after helping out in Haiti", Jeanette Steele, 3 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010)

[24MEU_leave_Haiti-29] Lamothe, Dan (8 February 2010). "24th MEU, Nassau ARG complete Haiti work". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

[30] Agence France Presse, "US reduces troop numbers in Haiti", AFP, 13 February 2010 (accessed 18 February 2010)

[31] WVEC, "Little Creek-based USS Gunston Hall completes Haiti duty" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, US Navy, 15 February 2010 (accessed 16 February 2010)

[32] FOX 4 KC, "Kansas National Guard Returns From Haiti" ^{[permanent dead link]}, Dave Dunn, 14 February 2010 (accessed 18 February 2010)

[33] The State, "SC-based cutter returns after helping in Haiti" ^{[permanent dead link]}, Associated Press, 18 February 2010 (accessed 23 February 2010)

[NT-2010-03-08-34] Navy Times, "Navy’s Haiti duties winding down", Philip Ewing, 8 March 2010 (accessed 8 March 2010)

[35] Associated Press, "US hospital ship Comfort leaving Haiti", AP, 10 March 2010 (accessed 13 March 2010)

[22MEUleaves-36] "Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti". Marine Corps Times. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.

[37] CyberPresse.ca, "L'ONU défend l'engagement militaire du Canada en Haïti", Agence France-Presse, 2 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010) (in French)

[38] Metropole Haiti, "Haiti : Les troupes Américaines se retireront", Radio Métropole Haïti, 2 February 2010 (accessed 3 February 2010) (in French)

[39] (in French) Le Figaro, "Haïti : le mariage forcé franco-américain", Alain Barluet, 22 January 2010 (accessed 30 January 2010)

[40] Digital Journal, "French minister accuses U.S. of 'occupying ' Haiti", Michael Krebs, 19 January 2010 (accessed 4 February 2010)

[41] "Hugo Chavez Mouthpiece Says U.S. Hit Haiti With 'Earthquake Weapon'". Fox News. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[42] "Chavez says U.S. occupying Haiti in name of aid". Reuters. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[43] "Castro decries US, others sending troops to Haiti". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[44] "Castro slams US 'occupation' of Haiti". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[45] "Venezuela to U.S.: Send Haiti vaccines, not troops". Reuters. 24 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[46] "Snapshots From A Devastated Land". Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[47] "US rejects Latin American claim it is 'occupying' Haiti". Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[48] Text of USHOR Resolution 1021

[ronpaul-49] "No Military Occupation of Haiti". Retrieved 26 January 2010.

[50] "TRAIL BLAZERS Blog | The Dallas Morning News". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010.

[51] Small, David (29 April 2010). "TIME magazine recognizes Airman in top 100". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[52] Davis III, Bernie (5 May 2010). "TIME magazine honors Airman at New York City gala". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[53] McFadden, Joe (11 May 2010). "One more hooah left in me". US Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[54] Sullenberger, Chesley (29 April 2010). "Chief Master Sergeant Tony Travis". TIME Magazine. The 2010 TIME 100. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|The United States military's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
 [[File:US Army soldiers deliver a baby in Haiti during Operation Unified Response.jpg|thumb|right|Medics from the [[US Army]]'s [[95th Civil Affairs Brigade]] deliver a baby during relief efforts. The mother named the female child "Samantha" after [[Uncle Sam]].]]
-'''Operation Unified Response''' was the [[United States armed forces|United States military's]] [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|response]] to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs |title=AMC Airmen critical to Operation Unified Response assisting Haiti earthquake victims  |url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123186018 |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=17 January 2010 |accessdate=20 January 2010|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120720005423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123186018|archivedate=20 July 2012}}</ref>  It was conducted by Joint Task Force Haiti and commanded by [[United States Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM) Military Deputy Commander [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ken Keen]], although the overall U.S. government response was headed by [[Rajiv Shah]], administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kdhnews.com/news/story.aspx?s=38539/ |title=Joint Task Force-Haiti launched |publisher=KBH News.com|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref>
+'''Operation Unified Response''' was the [[United States armed forces|United States military's]] [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|response]] to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs |title=AMC Airmen critical to Operation Unified Response assisting Haiti earthquake victims  |url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123186018 |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=17 January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720005423/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123186018|archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> It was conducted by Joint Task Force Haiti and commanded by [[United States Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM) Military Deputy Commander [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ken Keen]], although the overall U.S. government response was headed by [[Rajiv Shah]], administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kdhnews.com/news/story.aspx?s=38539/ |title=Joint Task Force-Haiti launched |publisher=KBH News.com|date=19 January 2010|access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>
-The response included personnel from all branches of the military.<ref name="USmilitary MCT">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/ap_haiti_012010/|title=U.S. presence grows as aid trickles into Haiti|last=Melia|first=Mike|author2=Paul Haven|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=[[Marine Corps Times]]|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> The U.S. Navy listed its [[Military asset|resources]] in the area on 19 January as "17 ships, 48 helicopters and 12 fixed-wing aircraft" in addition to 10,000 sailors and Marines.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50631 |title=U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts |publisher=Navy.mil |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref>  By 26 January, the U.S. military had 17,000 personnel in and around Haiti.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/26/haiti.by.the.numbers/index.html?hpt=T1 Numbers tell stories of horror, heroism in Haiti], CNN, 26 January 2010</ref>  Between the beginning of relief efforts and 18 February the US Air Force had delivered nearly 6,000 support members and 19 million pounds of cargo while evacuating 15,000 American citizens and conducted [[aeromedical evacuation]]s for 223 critical Haitian patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123191086|title=AMC Total Force provides hope to Haiti|last=Stock|first=Jon|date=18 February 2010|publisher=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120718222633/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123191086|archivedate=18 July 2012}}</ref>
+The response included personnel from all branches of the military.<ref name="USmilitary MCT">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/ap_haiti_012010/|title=U.S. presence grows as aid trickles into Haiti|last=Melia|first=Mike|author2=Paul Haven|date=21 January 2010|work=[[Marine Corps Times]]|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055913/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/ap_haiti_012010/|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> The U.S. Navy listed its [[Military asset|resources]] in the area on 19 January as "17 ships, 48 helicopters and 12 fixed-wing aircraft" in addition to 10,000 sailors and Marines.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50631 |title=U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts |publisher=Navy.mil |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2010}}</ref> By 26 January, the U.S. military had 17,000 personnel in and around Haiti.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/26/haiti.by.the.numbers/index.html?hpt=T1 Numbers tell stories of horror, heroism in Haiti], CNN, 26 January 2010</ref> Between the beginning of relief efforts and 18 February the US Air Force had delivered nearly 6,000 support members and 19 million pounds of cargo while evacuating 15,000 American citizens and conducted [[aeromedical evacuation]]s for 223 critical Haitian patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123191086|title=AMC Total Force provides hope to Haiti|last=Stock|first=Jon|date=18 February 2010|publisher=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs|access-date=19 February 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718222633/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123191086|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>
 Elements of the mission included flying in relief supplies, flying out evacuees, including medical evacuees, loading helicopters with supplies at the [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport|PAP]] airport, and then dropping supplies at various points around Port-au-Prince, airdropping supplies from fixed-wing aircraft, establishing a field hospital near the [[Port international de Port-au-Prince]], repairing a pier at the port, providing imagery from satellite, [[Global Hawk]], and [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] assets.
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Combat Controllers.ogv|right|thumb|Air traffic control operations by USAF Special Operations [[Combat Control Team|Combat Controllers]] at Port-au-Prince airport.]]
 [[Image:USCG Cutters Haiti 2010 Earthquake.JPG|thumb|right|Two [[United States Coast Guard Cutter]]s off Port-au-Prince, Haiti. [[USCGC Forward (WMEC-911)|USCGC ''Forward'']] is in the foreground.]]
-*The [[United States Coast Guard]] cutters {{USCGC|Forward|WMEC-911}} and {{USCGC|Mohawk|WMEC-913}}, both arrived in [[Port-au-Prince]], on 13 January. A Maritime Intelligence Support Team aboard the ''Forward'' assessed damage to the port.<ref>US Coast Guard press release, 13 January 2010, http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/</ref> The [[United States Coast Guard Cutter|cutters]] were supported by the [[Arleigh Burke class destroyer|destroyer]] {{USS|Higgins|DDG-76}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34832613|title=First U.S. vessel arrives at Port-au-Prince |date=13 January 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> Two [[United States Air Force]] special operations [[Lockheed MC-130|MC-130H Combat Talon II]] aircraft also arrived 13 January with emergency supplies, medical units and special tactics teams.<ref>US Air Force press release, 13 January 2010, http://archive.is/20120728115515/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581</ref> Other Coast Guard ships including the {{USCGC|Valiant|WMEC-621}} and the {{USCGC|Tahoma|WMEC-908}} were dispatched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/coastguard_haiti_011310w/ |title=Coast Guard sends cutters, aircraft to Haiti – Navy News, news from Iraq |publisher=Navy Times |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref>
+*The [[United States Coast Guard]] cutters {{USCGC|Forward|WMEC-911}} and {{USCGC|Mohawk|WMEC-913}}, both arrived in [[Port-au-Prince]], on 13 January. A Maritime Intelligence Support Team aboard the ''Forward'' assessed damage to the port.<ref>US Coast Guard press release, 13 January 2010, http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/</ref> The [[United States Coast Guard Cutter|cutters]] were supported by the [[Arleigh Burke class destroyer|destroyer]] {{USS|Higgins|DDG-76}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34832613|title=First U.S. vessel arrives at Port-au-Prince |date=13 January 2010|publisher=NBC News|access-date=14 January 2010}}</ref> Two [[United States Air Force]] special operations [[Lockheed MC-130|MC-130H Combat Talon II]] aircraft also arrived 13 January with emergency supplies, medical units and special tactics teams.<ref>US Air Force press release, 13 January 2010, https://archive.today/20120728115515/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581</ref> Other Coast Guard ships including the {{USCGC|Valiant|WMEC-621}} and the {{USCGC|Tahoma|WMEC-908}} were dispatched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/coastguard_haiti_011310w/ |title=Coast Guard sends cutters, aircraft to Haiti – Navy News, news from Iraq |work=Navy Times|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref>
-*As of 14 January, [[United States Air Force]] Special Operations personnel were controlling operations of the [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport]] in Port-au-Prince, after having cleared runways and having set up a 24-hour air traffic control.<ref>Fox 10, WALA TV/Associated Press, Mobile, AL, 14 Jan, http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/dozens-of-cargo-planes-arrive-in-haiti-</ref>
+*As of 14 January, [[United States Air Force]] Special Operations personnel were controlling operations of the [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport]] in Port-au-Prince, after having cleared runways and having set up a 24-hour air traffic control.<ref>Fox 10, WALA TV/Associated Press, Mobile, AL, 14 Jan, {{cite web |url=http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/dozens-of-cargo-planes-arrive-in-haiti- |title=Dozens of cargo planes arrive in Haiti |access-date=2010-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203171201/http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/dozens-of-cargo-planes-arrive-in-haiti- |archive-date=3 February 2010}}</ref>
 *On 15 January, the aircraft carrier {{USS|Carl Vinson|CVN-70}} arrived off the coast of Port-au-Prince to provide humanitarian aid, with its trained personnel, emergency supplies and 19 [[helicopter]]s on deck.<ref>US Navy, press release, 15 January 2010, http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50545</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Coast_Guard_Evacuating_Haitian_Girl_with_Injuries.jpg| title= U.S. Coast Guard Evacuating Haitian Girl with Injuries| publisher=commons.wikimedia.org|
+access-date=10 March 2016| date= 19 January 2010}}</ref>
+*The [[United States Navy]] hospital ship {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20}} with 1,000 beds and 956 naval hospital staff was deployed to Haiti, as were the [[Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate|guided-missile frigate]] {{USS|Underwood|FFG-36}}, and the [[Ticonderoga class cruiser|guided missile cruiser]] {{USS|Normandy|CG-60}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reilly |first=Corinne |url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/537343 |title=Local military providing aid in Haiti &#124; HamptonRoads.com &#124; PilotOnline.com |publisher=HamptonRoads.com |access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/AP/story/1422836.html |title=Southcom sending experts, equipment to Haiti – Florida AP |publisher=MiamiHerald.com |access-date=13 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=FACTBOX>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N14193646.htm |title="FACTBOX-U.S. military mobilizes thousands for Haiti relief" Reuters. 14 Jan 2010 21:20:24 GMT |publisher=Alertnet.org |access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref>
-accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref>
+*Approximately 2,200 [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]] of the [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit]] from [[Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune]] sailed on the {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5}}, {{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-50}}, and {{USS|Fort McHenry|LSD-43}};<ref name="22nd MEU">{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataan_haiti_011810/|title=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today|last=Faram|first=Mark D.|date=19 January 2010|work=[[Navy Times]]|access-date=20 January 2010}}</ref> while 3,000 [[United States Army]] soldiers of the [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] HQ and the [[82nd Airborne Division]] from [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]] were sent beginning on 13 January.<ref name=FACTBOX/><ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1953445,00.html?xid=rss-topstories | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116160426/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1953445,00.html?xid=rss-topstories | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 January 2010 | magazine=Time | title=How the U.S. Military Will Help Haiti | date=13 January 2010 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 13, 2010|title=U.S. joins international aid mobilization for Haiti quake victims|url=http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/us-joins-international-aid-mobilization-for-haiti-quake-victims/1065311|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171925/http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/us-joins-international-aid-mobilization-for-haiti-quake-victims/1065311|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
+*On 16 January, {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52}} arrived in Haiti to assist the ''Carl Vinson''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bunkerhill_011610/|title=Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission|last= Fuentes|first=Gidget|date=16 January 2010|work=Navy Times|access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref>
-*The [[United States Navy]] hospital ship {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20}} with 1,000 beds and 956 naval hospital staff was deployed to Haiti, as were the [[Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate|guided-missile frigate]] {{USS|Underwood|FFG-36}}, and the [[Ticonderoga class cruiser|guided missile cruiser]] {{USS|Normandy|CG-60}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reilly |first=Corinne |url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/537343 |title=Local military providing aid in Haiti &#124; HamptonRoads.com &#124; PilotOnline.com |publisher=HamptonRoads.com |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/AP/story/1422836.html |title=Southcom sending experts, equipment to Haiti – Florida AP |publisher=MiamiHerald.com |accessdate=13 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=FACTBOX>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N14193646.htm |title="FACTBOX-U.S. military mobilizes thousands for Haiti relief" Reuters. 14 Jan 2010 21:20:24 GMT |publisher=Alertnet.org |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref>
-*Approximately 2,200 [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]] of the [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit]] from [[Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune]] sailed on the {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5}}, {{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-50}}, and {{USS|Fort McHenry|LSD-43}};<ref name="22nd MEU">{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataan_haiti_011810/|title=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today|last=Faram|first=Mark D.|date=19 January 2010|publisher=[[Navy Times]]|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref> while  3,000 [[United States Army]] soldiers of the [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] HQ and the [[82nd Airborne Division]] from [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]] were sent beginning on 13 January.<ref name=FACTBOX/><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1953445,00.html?xid=rss-topstories | work=Time | title=How the U.S. Military Will Help Haiti | date=13 January 2010 | accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/us-joins-international-aid-mobilization-for-haiti-quake-victims/1065311}}</ref>
-*On 16 January, {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52}} arrived in Haiti to assist the ''Carl Vinson''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bunkerhill_011610/|title=Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission|last= Fuentes|first=Gidget|date=16 January 2010|publisher=Navy Times|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref>
 *On 17 January, the {{USCGC|Oak|WLB-211}} and the {{USNS|Grasp|T-ARS-51}} arrived at Port-au-Prince to begin repairs to the wharves.
-*On the 18th, {{USS|Gunston Hall|LSD-44}} anchored at [[Killick]] base, and started relief operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvec.com/home/Navy-in-Hampton-Roads-answers-call-to-duty-in-Haiti-81966792.html|title=Navy in Hampton Roads answers call to duty in Haiti|date=19 January 2010|publisher=[[WVEC]]|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref>
+*On the 18th, {{USS|Gunston Hall|LSD-44}} anchored at [[Killick]] base, and started relief operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvec.com/home/Navy-in-Hampton-Roads-answers-call-to-duty-in-Haiti-81966792.html|title=Navy in Hampton Roads answers call to duty in Haiti|date=19 January 2010|publisher=[[WVEC]]|access-date=22 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051112/http://www.wvec.com/home/Navy-in-Hampton-Roads-answers-call-to-duty-in-Haiti-81966792.html|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
-*Additional Marines from the [[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|24th MEU]] on the {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4}}, {{USS|Mesa Verde|LPD-19}}, and {{USS|Ashland|LSD-48}},<ref name="24MEU Haiti">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/|title=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort|last=Talton|first=Trista|date=20 January 2010 |publisher=[[Marine Corps Times]]|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> which sailed from [[Naval Station Norfolk]] on the 18th, were diverted on the 20th from their scheduled deployment to the Middle East.<ref name="24th MEU">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_nassau_haiti_012010w/|title=Nassau ARG, 24th MEU, tapped for Haiti|last=Ewing|first=Philip|date=20 January 2010|publisher=[[Marine Corps Times]]|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref> This was the first use of the [[V-22 Osprey]] for a humanitarian mission.<ref name="24MEU Haiti" />
+*Additional Marines from the [[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|24th MEU]] on the {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4}}, {{USS|Mesa Verde|LPD-19}}, and {{USS|Ashland|LSD-48}},<ref name="24MEU Haiti">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/|title=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort|last=Talton|first=Trista|date=20 January 2010|work=[[Marine Corps Times]]|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> which sailed from [[Naval Station Norfolk]] on the 18th, were diverted on the 20th from their scheduled deployment to the Middle East.<ref name="24th MEU">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_nassau_haiti_012010w/|title=Nassau ARG, 24th MEU, tapped for Haiti|last=Ewing|first=Philip|date=20 January 2010|work=[[Marine Corps Times]]|access-date=20 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307013959/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_nassau_haiti_012010w/|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> This was the first use of the [[V-22 Osprey]] for a humanitarian mission.<ref name="24MEU Haiti" />
-*Four injured personnel from the United States embassy were evacuated to the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|naval base]] at [[Guantánamo Bay]], Cuba, by United States Coast Guard helicopters.<ref name="usmil">{{Cite news |title = U.S. plans massive military response for Haiti |agency=Associated Press |date = 13 January 2010 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34832613/ns/world_news-haiti_earthquake/?GT1=43001 |accessdate =13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake |accessdate=13 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114182637/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake |archivedate=14 January 2010 }}</ref>
+*Four injured personnel from the United States embassy were evacuated to the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|naval base]] at [[Guantánamo Bay]], Cuba, by United States Coast Guard helicopters.<ref name="usmil">{{Cite news |title = U.S. plans massive military response for Haiti |agency=Associated Press |date = 13 January 2010 |url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34832613 |access-date =13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Katz|first=Jonathan|title=Tens of thousands feared dead after Haiti quake|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake|url-status=dead|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114182637/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake|archive-date=14 January 2010}}</ref>
-*As of 21 January, approximately 10,500 people have been evacuated from Haiti to the US, including 8,300 US citizens.<ref name="US Evacuees">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/21/haiti.updates.thursday/index.html?hpt=T1|title=21-Jan-2010 Update|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=CNN|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> Approximately 45,000 American citizens were thought to have been in Haiti at the time of the earthquake.
+*As of 21 January, approximately 10,500 people have been evacuated from Haiti to the US, including 8,300 US citizens.<ref name="US Evacuees">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/21/haiti.updates.thursday/index.html?hpt=T1|title=21-Jan-2010 Update|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=CNN|access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> Approximately 45,000 American citizens were thought to have been in Haiti at the time of the earthquake.
-On this date the 260th Air Traffic Control Squadron (ATCS) in collaboration with the 248th and 258th ATCS took over air traffic control operations effectively increasing the arrival of aid and supplies over 200%
+*On 21 January, [[Air National Guard]] (ANG) air traffic controllers from the 260th Air Traffic Control Squadron (ATCS) in collaboration with the 248th ATCS, the 258th ATCS and the FAA took over air traffic control operations at [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport]] in Port-au-Prince. With an exorbitant amount of supplies, support, and aide in conjunction with evacuation operations, Toussaint Louverture International Airport became the busiest single runway Airport in the world averaging 675 operation per day.
 *On 1 February, the ''Carl Vinson'', ''Bunker Hill'', and {{USNS|Henson|T-AGS-63}} ended their mission departed Haiti.<ref>Hampton Roads, [http://hamptonroads.com/2010/02/carl-vinson-departs-haiti "The Carl Vinson departs Haiti"], '''Lauren King''', ''1 February 2010'' (accessed 2 February 2010)</ref>
 *On 3 February, the ''Higgins'' ended its relief mission and has headed for its home port.<ref>SignOn San Diego, [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/03/navy-destroyer-return-after-helping-out-haiti/ "Navy destroyer to return after helping out in Haiti"], '''Jeanette Steele''', ''3 February 2010'' (accessed 3 February 2010)</ref>
-*On 8 February, the 24th MEU and ''Nassau'' [[amphibious ready group]] were ordered to resume their original deployment to the Middle East.<ref name="24MEU leave Haiti">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/02/marine_haiti_020810w/|title=24th MEU, Nassau ARG complete Haiti work|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|date=8 February 2010 <!-- 19:13:42 EST --> |publisher=Marine Corps Times|accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref>
+*On 8 February, the 24th MEU and ''Nassau'' [[amphibious ready group]] were ordered to resume their original deployment to the Middle East.<ref name="24MEU leave Haiti">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/02/marine_haiti_020810w/|title=24th MEU, Nassau ARG complete Haiti work|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|date=8 February 2010 <!-- 19:13:42 EST -->|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211162959/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/02/marine_haiti_020810w/|archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>
 *On 12 February, the US relief force has been reduced from roughly 20,000 troops to roughly 13,000 troops.<ref>Agence France Presse, [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6_cHgdmpdnNEWFIO5oD6_8AzXSQ "US reduces troop numbers in Haiti"], '''AFP''', ''13 February 2010'' (accessed 18 February 2010)</ref>
-*On 13 February, the ''Gundston Hall'' ended its relief mission and has headed back to its original mission.<ref>WVEC, [http://www.wvec.com/news/military/Norfolk-based-Gunston-Hall-completes-Haiti-duty-84384782.html "Little Creek-based USS Gunston Hall completes Haiti duty"], '''US Navy''', ''15 February 2010'' (accessed 16 February 2010)</ref>
+*On 13 February, the ''Gundston Hall'' ended its relief mission and has headed back to its original mission.<ref>WVEC, [http://www.wvec.com/news/military/Norfolk-based-Gunston-Hall-completes-Haiti-duty-84384782.html "Little Creek-based USS Gunston Hall completes Haiti duty"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051234/http://www.wvec.com/news/military/Norfolk-based-Gunston-Hall-completes-Haiti-duty-84384782.html |date=28 September 2011 }}, '''US Navy''', ''15 February 2010'' (accessed 16 February 2010)</ref>
-*On 14 February, the [[190th Civil Engineering Squadron]] of the [[Kansas Air National Guard]] returned home.<ref>FOX 4 KC, [http://www.fox4kc.com/wdaf-kansas-national-guard-helps-haiti-021410,0,7908181.story "Kansas National Guard Returns From Haiti"], '''Dave Dunn''', ''14 February 2010'' (accessed 18 February 2010)</ref>
+*On 14 February, the [[190th Civil Engineering Squadron]] of the [[Kansas Air National Guard]] returned home.<ref>FOX 4 KC, [http://www.fox4kc.com/wdaf-kansas-national-guard-helps-haiti-021410,0,7908181.story "Kansas National Guard Returns From Haiti"] {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, '''Dave Dunn''', ''14 February 2010'' (accessed 18 February 2010)</ref>
-*On 18 February, the ''Oak'' has left Haiti and arrived back at home port.<ref>The State, [http://www.thestate.com/2010/02/18/1163187/sc-based-cutter-returns-after.html "SC-based cutter returns after helping in Haiti"], '''Associated Press''', ''18 February 2010'' (accessed 23 February 2010)</ref>
+*On 18 February, the ''Oak'' has left Haiti and arrived back at home port.<ref>The State, [http://www.thestate.com/2010/02/18/1163187/sc-based-cutter-returns-after.html "SC-based cutter returns after helping in Haiti"] {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, '''Associated Press''', ''18 February 2010'' (accessed 23 February 2010)</ref>
 *On 1 March, ''Carter Hall'' was ordered home.<ref name=NT-2010-03-08/>
 *On 8 March, ''Comfort'' had discharged its last patient,<ref name=NT-2010-03-08>Navy Times, [http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/03/navy_haiti_ending_030710w/ "Navy’s Haiti duties winding down"], '''Philip Ewing''', ''8 March 2010'' (accessed 8 March 2010)</ref> and departed on 10 March.<ref>Associated Press, [https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5idZiVQhHcyG1gpBjzXaAmmk4_OtAD9EBGQE81 "US hospital ship Comfort leaving Haiti"], '''AP''', ''10 March 2010'' (accessed 13 March 2010)</ref>
-*On 24 March, the 22nd MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.<ref name="22MEUleaves">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy_bataan_released_032510w/|title=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti|date=25 March 2010 <!-- 13:20:48 EDT --> |publisher=Marine Corps Times|accessdate=25 March 2010}}</ref><ref>Press TV, [http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=121604&sectionid=351020706 "US military evacuates 2,200 troops from Haiti"], '''AGB/MB''', ''25 March 2010'' (accessed 27 March 2010)</ref>
+*On 24 March, the 22nd MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.<ref name="22MEUleaves">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy_bataan_released_032510w/|title=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti|date=25 March 2010 <!-- 13:20:48 EDT -->|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231711/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy_bataan_released_032510w/|archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref>
 ==International reactions==
-The United Nations expressed approval of the mission by United States and stated that the American troops would not stay long.<ref>CyberPresse.ca, [http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/amerique-latine/seisme-en-haiti/201002/02/01-945470-lonu-defend-lengagement-militaire-du-canada-en-haiti.php "L'ONU défend l'engagement militaire du Canada en Haïti"], '''Agence France-Presse''', ''2 February 2010'' (accessed 3 February 2010) {{Fr icon}}</ref><ref>Metropole Haiti, [http://www.metropolehaiti.com/metropole/full_bref_fr.php?id=16803 "Haiti : Les troupes Américaines se retireront"], '''Radio Métropole Haïti''', ''2 February 2010'' (accessed 3 February 2010) {{Fr icon}}</ref>
+The United Nations expressed approval of the mission by United States and stated that the American troops would not stay long.<ref>CyberPresse.ca, [http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/amerique-latine/seisme-en-haiti/201002/02/01-945470-lonu-defend-lengagement-militaire-du-canada-en-haiti.php "L'ONU défend l'engagement militaire du Canada en Haïti"], '''Agence France-Presse''', ''2 February 2010'' (accessed 3 February 2010) {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>Metropole Haiti, [http://www.metropolehaiti.com/metropole/full_bref_fr.php?id=16803 "Haiti : Les troupes Américaines se retireront"], '''Radio Métropole Haïti''', ''2 February 2010'' (accessed 3 February 2010) {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
-Elements of the public of France expressed dissatisfaction with both the much larger size of the American relief operations compared to those of European nations and the commanding role U.S. forces took on the ground.<ref>{{Fr icon}} Le Figaro, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/01/23/01003-20100123ARTFIG00343-haiti-le-mariage-force-franco-americain-.php "Haïti : le mariage forcé franco-américain"], '''Alain Barluet''', ''22 January 2010'' (accessed 30 January 2010)</ref> Reflecting these feelings the French Minister for the Francophonie, [[Alain Joyandet]], characterized the United States as "occupying" Haiti, citing the take over of [[air traffic control]] in the country.<ref>Digital Journal, [http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/285993 "French minister accuses U.S. of 'occupying ' Haiti"], '''Michael Krebs''', ''19 January 2010'' (accessed 4 February 2010)</ref>
+Elements of the public of France expressed dissatisfaction with both the much larger size of the American relief operations compared to those of European nations and the commanding role U.S. forces took on the ground.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Le Figaro, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/01/23/01003-20100123ARTFIG00343-haiti-le-mariage-force-franco-americain-.php "Haïti : le mariage forcé franco-américain"], '''Alain Barluet''', ''22 January 2010'' (accessed 30 January 2010)</ref> Reflecting these feelings the French Minister for the Francophonie, [[Alain Joyandet]], characterized the United States as "occupying" Haiti, citing the take over of [[air traffic control]] in the country.<ref>Digital Journal, [http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/285993 "French minister accuses U.S. of 'occupying ' Haiti"], '''Michael Krebs''', ''19 January 2010'' (accessed 4 February 2010)</ref>
-In a statement the Italian government moved to distance itself from the Italian [[Protezione Civile|Civil Protection]] head, [[Guido Bertolaso]], who asserted that the U.S. effort was badly lead and managed, lacking a "rapport" with aid organizations and local people.<ref>Daily Mail (London), [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1245969/Haiti-earthquake-U-S-relief-effort-badly-managed-claims-Italian-disaster-expert.html "U.S. criticised over Haiti relief effort as Italian disaster expert brands it 'badly managed'"], '''David Williams''', ''26 January 2010'' (accessed 4 February 2010)</ref>
-Several Latin American leaders accused the United States of militarily occupying Haiti.  These socialist leaders, all long-time critics of the United States, included Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chavez]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583588,00.html|title=Hugo Chavez Mouthpiece Says U.S. Hit Haiti With 'Earthquake Weapon'|accessdate=26 January 2010 | work=Fox News | date=21 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60G2DW20100117|title=Chavez says U.S. occupying Haiti in name of aid|accessdate=26 January 2010 | work=Reuters | date=17 January 2010}}</ref> former Cuban President [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/24/AR2010012401398.html|title=Castro decries US, others sending troops to Haiti|accessdate=26 January 2010 | work=The Washington Post}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Bolivian President [[Evo Morales]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/castro-slams-us-occupation-of-haiti-20100125-msue.html|title=Castro slams US 'occupation' of Haiti|accessdate=26 January 2010 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=25 January 2010}}</ref> and Nicaraguan President [[Daniel Ortega]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN24131629._CH_.2420|title=Venezuela to U.S.: Send Haiti vaccines, not troops|accessdate=26 January 2010 | work=Reuters | date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/story.html?id=2480894|title=Snapshots From A Devastated Land|accessdate=26 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Through its [[Department of State]] the United States rejected the allegations and pointed to the fact that US forces were there by the invitation of the Haitian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hxPFjXRHzg1A1D9UuUAKhbd7j98A|title=US rejects Latin American claim it is 'occupying' Haiti|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref> Despite this [[United States Congress]]man [[Ron Paul]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-Texas) opposed [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] Resolution 1021,<ref>[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=hr111-1021 Text of USHOR Resolution 1021]</ref> citing concerns over "the possibility of an open-ended US military occupation of Haiti".<ref name="ronpaul">{{cite web|url=http://www.campaignforliberty.com/article.php?view=547|title=No Military Occupation of Haiti|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref><ref>http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2010/01/ron-paul-dr-no-says-no-to-hait.html</ref>
+Several Latin American leaders accused the United States of militarily occupying Haiti.  These socialist leaders, all long-time critics of the United States, included Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chavez]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583588,00.html|title=Hugo Chavez Mouthpiece Says U.S. Hit Haiti With 'Earthquake Weapon'|access-date=26 January 2010|work=Fox News|date=21 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127200732/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583588,00.html|archive-date=27 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60G2DW20100117|title=Chavez says U.S. occupying Haiti in name of aid|access-date=26 January 2010 | work=Reuters| date=17 January 2010}}</ref> former Cuban President [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/24/AR2010012401398.html|title=Castro decries US, others sending troops to Haiti|access-date=26 January 2010 | newspaper=The Washington Post}} {{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Bolivian President [[Evo Morales]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/castro-slams-us-occupation-of-haiti-20100125-msue.html|title=Castro slams US 'occupation' of Haiti|access-date=26 January 2010 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=25 January 2010}}</ref> and Nicaraguan President [[Daniel Ortega]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN24131629._CH_.2420|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127223532/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN24131629._CH_.2420|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2010|title=Venezuela to U.S.: Send Haiti vaccines, not troops|access-date=26 January 2010 | work=Reuters| date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/story.html?id=2480894|title=Snapshots From A Devastated Land|access-date=26 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Through its [[Department of State]] the United States rejected the allegations and pointed to the fact that US forces were there by the invitation of the Haitian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hxPFjXRHzg1A1D9UuUAKhbd7j98A|title=US rejects Latin American claim it is 'occupying' Haiti|access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref> Despite this [[United States Congress]]man [[Ron Paul]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-Texas) opposed [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] Resolution 1021,<ref>[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=hr111-1021 Text of USHOR Resolution 1021]</ref> citing concerns over "the possibility of an open-ended US military occupation of Haiti".<ref name="ronpaul">{{cite web|url=http://www.campaignforliberty.com/article.php?view=547|title=No Military Occupation of Haiti|access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2010/01/ron-paul-dr-no-says-no-to-hait.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100126073737/http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2010/01/ron-paul-dr-no-says-no-to-hait.html| archive-date = 2010-01-26| title = TRAIL BLAZERS Blog {{!}} The Dallas Morning News}} </ref>
 == Legacy ==
-Air Force [[Chief Master Sergeant]] [[Antonio D. Travis]] was named one of the top [[Time 100|100 most influential people of 2010]] by [[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]] for his role in Operation Unified Response.  Chief Travis is a [[United States Air Force Combat Control Team|combat controller]] who deployed to Port-au-Prince just 30 hours after the earthquake.  His team set up a card table to conduct [[air traffic control]] operations for Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport, and was recognized for orchestrating the largest single-runway operation in history.  The combat control team ran the airport for 12 days before US Air Force air traffic controllers took over. During those 12 days the team oversaw more than 4,000 takeoffs and landings, an average of one every five minutes.  Their efforts are credited for ensuring the safe delivery many humanitarian relief teams from around the world and thousands of tons of life saving supplies.<ref>{{Cite web|last = Small|first = David| title = TIME magazine recognizes Airman in top 100 | publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs| date = 29 April 2010| url = http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123202171 | accessdate =28 June 2010|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120718133232/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123202171|archivedate=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last = Davis III|first = Bernie| title = TIME magazine honors Airman at New York City gala | publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs| date = 5 May 2010| url = http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203273 | accessdate =28 June 2010|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120719145407/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203273|archivedate=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last = McFadden|first = Joe| title = One more hooah left in me | publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs| date = 11 May 2010| url = http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203941 | accessdate =28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Sullenberger| first =  Chesley | title = Chief Master Sergeant Tony Travis | series = The 2010 TIME 100 |work=TIME Magazine | date = 29 April 2010 | url = http://205.188.238.181/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985270,00.html | accessdate =28 June 2010}}</ref>
+Air Force [[Chief Master Sergeant]] [[Antonio D. Travis]] was named one of the top [[Time 100|100 most influential people of 2010]] by [[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]] for his role in Operation Unified Response.  Chief Travis is a [[United States Air Force Combat Control Team|combat controller]] who deployed to Port-au-Prince just 30 hours after the earthquake.  His team set up a card table to conduct [[air traffic control]] operations for Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport, and was recognized for orchestrating the largest single-runway operation in history.  The combat control team ran the airport for 12 days before US Air Force air traffic controllers took over. During those 12 days the team oversaw more than 4,000 takeoffs and landings, an average of one every five minutes.  Their efforts are credited for ensuring the safe delivery many humanitarian relief teams from around the world and thousands of tons of life saving supplies.<ref>{{Cite web|last = Small|first = David| title = TIME magazine recognizes Airman in top 100 | publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs| date = 29 April 2010| url = http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123202171 | access-date =28 June 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718133232/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123202171|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last = Davis III|first = Bernie| title = TIME magazine honors Airman at New York City gala | publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs| date = 5 May 2010| url = http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203273 | access-date =28 June 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719145407/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203273|archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last = McFadden|first = Joe|title = One more hooah left in me|publisher = US Air Force Public Affairs|date = 11 May 2010|url = http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203941|access-date = 28 June 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111721/http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123203941|archive-date = 20 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Sullenberger | first = Chesley | title = Chief Master Sergeant Tony Travis | series = The 2010 TIME 100 | work = TIME Magazine | date = 29 April 2010 | url = http://205.188.238.181/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985270,00.html | access-date = 28 June 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929023138/http://205.188.238.181/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985270,00.html | archive-date = 29 September 2011}}</ref>
 == See also ==
-{{Portal|Military of the United States}}
 *[[Operation Hestia]], the Canadian military's counterpart
 *[[Opération Séisme Haiti 2010]], the French military's counterpart
@@ Line 62: / Line 58: @@
 ==References==
 {{Commons category}}
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 {{2010 Haiti earthquake}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Unified Response, Operation}}
 [[Category:Humanitarian aid]]
-[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving the United States|Unified Assistance]]
+[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving the United States]]
 [[Category:Humanitarian military operations]]
 [[Category:2010 Haiti earthquake relief]]

v t e 2010 Haiti earthquake
Humanitarian response Relief efforts Casualties Damaged infrastructure Cholera outbreak
Affected areas	Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone Haiti Ouest: Port-au-Prince Arrondissement (Port-au-Prince, Bel Air, Carrefour, Cité Soleil, Gressier, Pétion-Ville) Léogâne Arrondissement (Léogâne, Grand-Goâve, Petit-Goâve) Sud-Est: Jacmel Arrondissement (Jacmel)
Humanitarian response	National governments NGOs For-profit organizations MINUSTAH
Aid operations	Unified Response (USA) Hestia (Canada) Séisme Haiti (France) White Crane (Italy) Danbi (Republic of Korea) Hispaniola (Spain) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1908 (MINUSTAH)
Benefits and fundraising	Canada for Haiti Ensemble pour Haïti Hope for Haiti Now (album) Hit for Haiti Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Digicel Haiti Earthquake Relief Fund "Everybody Hurts" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti" Young Artists for Haiti ("Wavin' Flag") "I Put a Spell on You" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)" Download to Donate for Haiti