Şehzade Bayezid

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Ottoman miniature with Suleyman I and his son Şehzade Bayezid

Şehzade Bayezid (* 1525 in Istanbul ; † September 25, 1561 in Qazvin ) was an Ottoman prince and son of Suleyman I and his main wife Hürrem Sultan . After the execution of the heir to the throne Şehzade Mustafa in 1553, Bayezid became the most popular successor in the army. In the 1550s, when Suleyman was already over 60 years old, there was a fight for the throne between Bayezid and his brother Selim . Bayezid had fallen out of favor with his father for disobedience - in contrast to Selim, who eventually ascended the throne as Selim II. After he was defeated by Selim and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha with the help of the Sultan's army in a battle near Konya in 1559 , he fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire , where he was warmly received by Shah Tahmasp I. However, in 1561, after the sultan's constant insistence and after several generous payments, Tahmasp allowed Bayezid to be executed by an executioner of his own father.

Life

Bayezid was born in Istanbul's Topkapı Palace in 1525. His father was Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, his mother Hürrem, the daughter of an Orthodox priest and a concubine at birth . Bayezid had three older brothers, Mehmed (* 1521), Abdullah (* 1522) and Selim (* 1524) and a sister Mihrimah Sultan . He also had an older half-brother Mustafa (* 1515) and later a younger half-brother Cihangir (* 1531). In 1533 or 1534 the sultan broke with a two hundred year old tradition and legally married Hürrem.

One of the rules of the court was that the Şehzades were appointed provincial governors in order to gain administrative experience. Bayezid became the governor of Kutahya. During his father's 12th campaign to Nakhchivan in 1553, however, he was commissioned to rule Edirne in his father's absence . During the campaign, Şehzade Mustafa, Süleyman's eldest son and popular heir to the throne, was executed on the father's orders. The news of the execution caused unrest in all parts of the empire and an impostor who claimed to be the executed Mustafa rebelled against Suleyman in Rumelia. Although the uprising was suppressed by a vizier, Suleyman suspected that his son Bayezid was deliberately slow to react.

Battle for the throne

Suleiman had five sons who reached adulthood. His second son Mehmed had died of smallpox in 1543. After the execution of Mustafa and the death of Cihangir (1553), who suffered from poor health, only two princes remained as potential heirs to the throne: Bayezid and Selim. Bayezid was governor of Kutahya and Selim was governor of Manisa , two cities that were about the same distance from the capital.

Suleyman was already over 60 when the competition between the two brothers for the throne became apparent and intensified after his mother's death in 1558. The sultan decided to change their places of employment. Bayezid was transferred to Amasya Province , Selim to Konya . Both provinces were further away from Istanbul, but still the same distance. Selim quickly obeyed and immediately moved to Konya, but to his father's horror, Bayezid hesitated for a long time to obey. Angry, Suleyman accused Bayezid of being a rebel and supported his older son Selim against Bayezid. Selim defeated his brother in a civil war in Konya in 1559 in collaboration with Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (who later became Grand Vizier) and with additional help from his father's army. A request for forgiveness to the father went unheard.

Exile in the Safavid Empire

After the defeat, Bayezid returned to Amasya and fled with his sons and a small army to the Persian Empire of the Safavids. According to journalist and historian Murat Bardakçı , Sokullu Mehmet Pasha sent an army to pursue Bayezid, but it was defeated by Bayezid's forces. In autumn 1559 he reached the Safavid city of Yerevan , where he was received with great respect by its governor.

Some time later he reached Tabriz , where he was greeted by Shah Tahmasp I. Although Tahmasp I. had greeted Bayezid generously and kindly at the beginning and organized large celebrations in his honor, he later imprisoned him at the request of Sultan Suleyman. Both Suleiman and Selim sent diplomats to Persia to persuade the Shah to execute Bayezid. The ambassadors traveled between Istanbul and Qazvin for a year and a half . On July 16 the last Ottoman delegation arrived whose formal task it was to bring Bayezid back to Istanbul. These included the governor of Van, Khusrau Pasha, Sinan Pasha, Ali Aqa Çavuş Başı and an entourage of two hundred officials. In the letter presented by the embassy delegation, Suleyman declared his readiness to confirm the Treaty of Amasya (1555) and usher in a new era of Ottoman-Safavid relations. In addition, Süleyman sent numerous gifts and agreed to Tahmasp's request that he pay him 400,000 gold coins for the delivery of Bayezid. Finally, Bayezid and his four sons on September 25, 1561 were handed over by Tahmasp to the Ottoman emissaries and in the vicinity of the Safavid capital Qazvin from the Ottoman executioner Ali Aqa Çavuş Başı on the garrote executed.

Bayezid was buried in the Melik-i Acem Türbe in Sivas .

family

Bayezid had nine children. All of them had different mothers, with the exception of Şehzade Osman and Manehzade Mahmud, who were full brothers. Şehzade Orhan was the oldest child.

Sons

Bayezid had five sons:

  • Şehzade Orhan (* 1543 in Kütahya; executed on September 25, 1561 in Qazvin, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas);
  • Şehzade Osman (* 1545 in Kütahya; executed on September 25, 1561 in Qazvin, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas)
  • Şehzade Abdullah (* 1548 in Kütahya; executed on September 25, 1561 in Qazvin, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas);
  • Şehzade Mahmud (* 1552 in Kütahya; executed on September 25, 1561 in Qazvin, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas);
  • Şehzade Mehmed (* 1559 in Amasya; executed on October 3, 1561 in Bursa , buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas);

Daughters

Bayezid had four daughters:

  • Mihrimah Sultan, married to Damat Müzaffer Pascha
  • Hadice Sultan
  • Ayşe Sultan, married to Damat Ali Pasha
  • Hanzade Sultan

reception

In the television series The Ottoman Empire - Harem: The Road to Power , Turkish actor Aras Bulut İynemli played the prince.

literature

  • Necdet Sakaoğlu: Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi . Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş., Istanbul 1999, Volume 1, p. 302, ISBN 975-08-0072-9

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Patrick Kinross: The Ottoman centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire . Morrow, New York 1979, ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8 , p. 236
  2. ↑ a b c Bayezid, Şehzade , İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, accessed on May 4, 2020
  3. ↑ Fahri Unan: Kanunı devri Şehzade mücadeleleri ve bunun Osmanlı Siyasi ve sosyal tarihi bakimindan önemi , Hacettepe Üniversitesi, accessed on May 4, 2020
  4. ↑ Murat Bardakçı: İşte, Kanunî Süleyman'ın evlât ve torun katli raporu , Habertürk, February 16, 2014, accessed on May 4, 2020
  5. ↑ Suraiya N. Faroqhi, Kate Fleet: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453-1603 . (= The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 2), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 978-1316175545
  6. ^ André Clot: Suleiman the Magnificent . Saqi, 2012, ISBN 978-0863568039
  7. ^ Collin P. Mitchell: The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric . IBTauris, London 2009, ISBN 978-0857715883 , p. 126
  8. ↑ Mitchell (2009), p. 126
  9. ↑ Mitchell (2009), p. 126
  10. ↑ EJ Van Donzel: Islamic Desk Reference . BRILL, Leiden 1994, ISBN 978-9004097384 , p. 438, ( digitized version )
  11. ↑ Harold Lamb: Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East . Read Books Ltd, 2003, ISBN 978-1447488088
  12. ↑ Joseph von Hammer: Osmanlı Tarihi . Volume 2, Milliyet yayınları, Istanbul, pp. 36-37
  13. ↑ Mitchell (2009), p. 126
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī, Richard Blackburn: Journey to the Sublime Porte: the Arabic memoir of a Sharifian agent's diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the era of Suleyman the Magnificent; the relevant text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawāʼid al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa al-Rūmīyah . Orient-Institut, 2005, ISBN 978-3-899-13441-4 , p. 151
  15. ↑ a b c d Kenan Ziya Taş: Osmanlılarda lalalık müessesesi . Kardelen Kitabevi, Istanbul 2015, pp. 99f., 130f.
  16. ↑ Mehmet Nermi Haskan: Eyup Sultan tarihi . Volume 2, Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 978-9-756-08704-6 , pp. 419, 536
personal data
SURNAME Şehzade Bayezid
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ottoman prince
DATE OF BIRTH 1525
PLACE OF BIRTH Istanbul
DATE OF DEATH September 25, 1561
Place of death Qazvin