Abū Bakr ibn Sālim

Abū Bakr ibn Sālim as-Saqqāf Bā ʿAlawī ( Arabic أبو بكر بن سالم السقاف با علوي; born on August 16, 1513 in Tarīm ; died December 30, 1584 in the village of ʿĪnāt near Tarīm), also known as "Lord of ʿĪnāt" ( Ṣāḥib ʿĪnāt or Maulā ʿĪnāt ), was a Sufi scholar of the Hadramaut in what is now Yemen . He is best known for the establishment of the holy precinct ( ḥauṭa ) of ʿĪnāt (also ʿAināt). His widespread descendants, the Saiyid family of the Āl al-Sheikh Abī Bakr ibn Sālim, spread over the entire Indian Ocean within the framework of the hadramitic trade networks . Abū Bakr ibn Sālim is revered as a friend of God ( walī Allāh ) by his descendants in the Hadramaut and in the Diaspora .

Life

Abū Bakr ibn Sālim was born on the 13th Jumādā th-thāniya 919 (= 16 August 1513) in Tarīm, in the eastern part of the Hadramaut, into the Saiyid family of the Āl as-Saqqāf. He studied Sufism with various teachers and received from his father Sālim and the scholar Ahmad Schihāb ad-Dīn ibn ʿAbd ar-Rahmān as-Saqqāf (st. 1539-1540) the Sufi patchwork skirt ( Chirqa ). Among his teachers were ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh Bā Machrama (st. 1546), with whom he studied the Risāla of al-Qushairī , and Maʿrūf ibn ʿAbdallāh Bā Jamāl (st. 1561), whom he visited in Shibam .

At an unknown point in time, Abū Bakr settled in a place 15 kilometers east of Tarīm, which was later called the "new ʿĪnāt", and other residents followed his example. The settlement developed into a village, and Abū Bakr himself was referred to as the "Lord of ʿAināt". Because of his charismatic personality, he attracted visitors from faraway places. Abū Bakr also organized the annual pilgrimage to the tomb of the pre-Islamic prophet Hūd in the eastern Hadramaut and set the time for this pilgrimage to be in the middle of the month of Shaʿbān .

According to hagiographic reports, Abū Bakr was also in contact with the Kathīrī Sultan ʿUmar ibn Badr Bū Tuwairiq, who ruled many regions of the Hadramaut between 1582 and 1612. Abū Bakr, when he was still a prisoner of his brother Sultan ʿAbdallāh b. Badr was to have encouraged me. Since ʿAbdallāh soon died and ʿUmar ascended the throne, his predictions came true. In the years that followed, the relationship between the Kathīrīs and the Abū Bakrs family became so close that the Kathīrī rulers accepted their intercession and granted amnesty to those who sought protection from a member of the Abū Bakrs family. Abū Bakr died on the 27th Dhū l-Hiddscha 992 (= 30 December 1584) and was buried in ʿAināt.

Works

Abū Bakr ibn Sālim has written several Arabic works. The following two are in print:

• Miʿrāǧ al-arwāḥ ilā l-minhāǧ al-waḍḍāḥ ("Ascent of the spirits to the shining path"), Sufi treatise edited in 2013 by Aḥmad ibn Farīd al-Mazīdī in Beirut.
• Miftāḥ al-sarāʾir wa-kanz aḏ-ḏaḫāʾir ("Key to the secret thoughts and the treasure of supplies"). It was printed together with al-Kawākib al-durrīya wa-l-yawāqīt al-luʾluʾīya by ʿAidarūs ibn Husain in Hyderabad in 1910.

Offspring

Abū Bakr had a total of four daughters and 13 sons. The most fertile of his sons was al-Husain (d. 1634), who in turn had 13 sons. Of these, nine founded their own families. Another son of Abū Bakr, Hāmid, had eight sons who also founded large families. Together these families formed the Al-Sheikh Abi Bakr ibn Sālim. They set themselves apart from the other Saiyid families of the Hadramaut in that they carried weapons in contrast to these. For the balance of power in the Hadramaut it was crucial that the Āl Abī Bakr had particularly close ties to the Yāfiʿī tribes of Upper Yāfiʿ and to the ʿAulaqī tribes. When in the 17th and early 18th years various members of the Kathīrī family wanted to introduce the Zaidite school of law in the Hadramaut, the Āl Abī Bakr took up arms and resisted.

When ʿAbd ar-Rahmān al-Maschhūr (d. 1902) wrote his work Shams aẓ-ẓahīra on the genealogy of the Hadramitic Saiyid families at the end of the 19th century , the clan Āl Abī Bakr already had branches in Java , Singapore , India , Dhofar as well as in Ash-Shihr and in various cities on the East African coast. The various branches of the family include the al-Mihdār, the al-Haddār, the Ibn Jindān and the al-Hāmid.

The Āl Abī Bakr can be found on the East African coast as early as the 18th century, the island of Godfather was an early center . One of the descendants of Abū Bakr's son ʿAlī, ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAlī ibn Nasr (1720-1820), wrote the religious poem al-Inkishafi ( The Revelation ), one of the most important poetic works in Swahili literature. From godfather, the Āl-Abī-Bakr clan also spread to the Comoros . A descendant there of Abū Bakr's grandson Shaikhan was Ahmad ibn Sālih, nicknamed Mwinyi Mkuu , Sultan of Moroni in the 19th century .

Adoration

As emerges from the biographical compilation of al-Nūr al-sāfir by the Yemeni scholar ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn ʿAbdallāh al-ʿAidarūsī (d. 1628), Abū Bakr ibn Sālim was already in his time as “the great friend of God , about whose friendship with God there was general agreement exists “( al-walī al-kabīr allaḏī waqaʿa ʿalā wilyāyati-hī al-iǧmāʿ wa-l-ittifāq ), venerated. And his grave in'Īnāt was the target point of a lively ziyara -Wallfahrt, "Alive and Dead" to the pilgrims from distant lands ( Haiyan wa-maiyitan ) arrived. To this day, "the seven Qubbas " ( as-Sabʿ al-Qibāb ), which contain the graves of Abū Bakr and his immediate descendants, are venerated in ʿĪnāt .

In addition, various hagiographic works were written on Abū Bakr ibn Sālim. The earliest of these is the book Bulūġ aẓ-ẓafar wa-l-maġānim fī manāqib aš-Shaiḫ Abī Bakr ibn Sālim of his disciple Muhammad ibn Sirādsch ad-Dīn, from which the hadramitic scholar Muhammad asch-Shillī (d. 1682) in his work al-Mašraʿ ar-rawī quotes individual excerpts. In it he names various "miracles of grace" ( karāmāt ), which were ascribed to Abū Bakr ibn Sālim. This includes, among other things, that he should have met with al-Chidr and Elias . Another hagiographic work about him with the title al-Ǧawāhir fī manāqib aš-šaiḫ Abī Bakr Tāǧ al-Akābir comes from ʿAbdallāh ibn Ahmad al-Haddār.

literature

Arabic sources

• ʿAbdallāh b. Aḥmad al-Haddār: al-Ǧawāhir fī manāqib aš-šaiḫ Abī Bakr Tāǧ al-Akābir . Cairo 1971.
• ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Mašhūr: Shams aẓ-ẓahīra fī nasab ahl al-bait min Banī-ʿAlawī furūʿ Fāṭima az-Zahrāʾ wa-amīr al-muʾminīn ʿAlī . Ed. Muḥammad Ḍiyā Shihāb. Jeddah 1984. pp. 273-303.
• Ḥabīb ʿAlī Qudairī: Ḏikr Quṭb ʿAināt. Faḫr ad-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Sālim ʿAlawī. Hyderabad 1979.
• Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr aš-Šillī: al-Mašraʿ ar-rawī fī manāqib as-sāda al-kirām Āl Abī ʿAlawī. Cairo 1901. Vol. II, pp. 26-29. Digitized

Secondary literature

• Kazuhiro Arai: Art. “Abū Bakr b. Sālim ”in Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Brill Online. First published in 2010. Online
• Anne K. Bang: Sufis and scholars of the sea. Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925 . Routledge Shorton, London and New York, 2003. pp. 27-31.
• Marianus Hundhammer: Adoration of the prophets in Ḥaḍramaut: the Ziyāra according to Qabr Hūd from a diachronic and synchronous perspective. Schwarz, Berlin, 2010. pp. 91-93.
• Robert B. Serjeant: The Saiyids of Ḥaḍramawt . London 1957. pp. 17-18.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Cf. aš-Šillī: al-Mašraʿ ar-rawī . 1901, pp. 26, 29.
2. ↑ Cf. aš-Šillī: al-Mašraʿ ar-rawī . 1901, pp. 26, 29.
3. ↑ Cf. Carl Brockelmann : History of Arabic Literature. Supplementary volume II. Leiden 1938. p. 908.
4. ↑ See Bang: Sufis and scholars of the sea. 2003, p. 27f.
5. ↑ Cf. Friedhelm Hartwig: Hadramaut and the Indian Principality of Hyderabad: Hadramitic Sultanate Foundations and Migration in the 19th Century. Ergon, Würzburg, 2000. p. 41.
6. ↑ See Bang: Sufis and scholars of the sea. 2003, p. 28.
7. ^ Bang: Sufis and scholars of the sea. 2003, pp. 29-31.
8. ↑ Cf. ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn ʿAbdallāh al-ʿAidarūsī: an-Nūr as-sāfir ʿan aḫbār al-qarn al-ʿāšir . Ed. Aḥmad ūālū. Dār Ṣādir, Beirut, 2001. pp. 532f.
9. ↑ Cf. aš-Šillī: al-Mašraʿ ar-rawī . 1901, p. 28.