Academicism
According to the Duden, academicism means "artistic activity and conception that overemphasizes the formal and is frozen in the dogmatic ". The term is also used as a seldom used term for the academic art that was so important in Romanticism and soon mocked . The term is also used to criticize exaggerated theoretical and non-practical university behavior and structures.
Academism in a figurative sense
The term academicism goes beyond the field of painting and sculpture, which strictly adhered to the formal, technical and aesthetic rules of the art academies. In the field of the fine arts , architectural historicism , neoclassicism , eclecticism and the artist group Novecento are named, especially in Italy, against rationalism . In addition, musical and literary works were also designated. As early as 1882, Adolf Stern established a connection between the Counter Reformation and an emerging academism in literature.
The despicability of academicism in the mid-19th century also goes back to major changes in the art market. Due to the increased availability of industrially produced paints and canvases, as well as the sharp increase in the number of artists in 19th century Paris, 19th century gallery owners were in the light of what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu called the anti-economism of the art field Background crowded.
The salon as an art exhibition attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors at a time when the technical visual mass media did not yet exist. The gallery owners were left out. Well-known group portraits in the anti-academic artistic milieu of the 1860s and 1870s bear witness to this. In addition to painters, they certainly feature writers such as Baudelaire and Zola, but never dealers or gallery owners. At that time, like Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt - the most successful Impressionist painters - they were not included in portraits in artistic networks.
The academic artist type was accordingly classified by Pierre Bourdieu following Max Weber's typology as “priestly”, in contrast to the innovation-oriented “prophetic” type, such as Manet and some of the Impressionists represented, especially Monet and Degas . In the establishment of the museums of that time, which threatened to upgrade this priestly-oriented type of painter, Bourdieu saw a more general concern in the work than merely the rehabilitation of such an art which he classified as " scholastic ". He interpreted it as an attempt to upgrade the type of "homo academicus", understood as a figure homologous to the academic painter , in the university field.
In the novel Old Masters by the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard , the protagonist, the art critic Reger, created an imaginary museum where all the great artists, be they painters, musicians or writers, are present. Humanity has become a gigantic state, which makes you sick when you get up and which, with its academicism, prevents people from thinking freely.
Thomas Wegmann and Norbert Christian Wolf see academism also given when dealing with popular culture. Pornography, comics and horror films are increasingly being cosmetically upgraded and assigned to postmodernism in the sense of Leslie Fiedler . In addition, the enormous changes in popular culture since the 1960s are neglected.
Academism as remote from practice
Sociologist Alvin W. Gouldner criticized academic sociology and academicism in the late 1960s. He condemned "theorists who developed their systems with cotton wool in their ears deaf to the accusing voices of social movements".
The media scientist Michael Haller criticizes the “academism of the German universities with their fear of contact with the professional world”. As an example, in an article on didactics in journalism , he cites the common practice in bachelor's degree programs, which are officially supposed to convey increasing professional orientation, but in fact still mourn the ideal of research orientation. In teaching, knowledge would continue to be imparted in frontal teaching, the requirement of practical orientation and professional proximity only propagated and, for lack of ability, referred to the universities of applied sciences. The traditional academicism thus leads to an abstract-academic and cloud-cuckoo country that is further removed from practice .
In an interview with the weekly newspaper Die Zeit , the television author Armin Maiwald referred to the use of the term by Karl Popper , who "considered the whole high-flown expression of many philosophers to be typical German academicism".
supporting documents
- ↑ Definition of academicism in the Duden online
- ↑ Compare the definition in Merriam Webster , where academicism is also described as purely speculative thoughts and attitudes .
- ↑ Romanticism and Academism, Karl Gustav Fellerer, G. Bosse, 1987
- ↑ Academism in 19th Century German Music, Karl Gustav Fellerer, Westdt. Ed., 1976
- ↑ History of Modern Literature: Counter-Reformation and Academism, Adolf Stern, 1882
- ↑ a b c 01 2007 “Creativity and Innovation” in the 19th Century Harrison C. White and the Impressionist Revolution - Considered Again, by Ulf Wuggenig
- ↑ “The” art: A design for the world: a comparison between the works of Old Masters by Thomas Bernhard and Schlafes Bruder by Robert Schneider, Julie Anne Demel, Peter Lang, 2009, and others. a. P. 88
- ↑ The beginning was Fiedler's Freiburg lecture in 1968, see, among others, Danny Walther, The "Fiedler Debate" or a small attempt to write down the "Chiffre 1968" a little from the left , master's thesis, Danny Walther, Institute for Cultural Studies at the University of Leipzig, 2007
- ^ "High" and "low": On the interference between high and popular culture in contemporary literature Thomas Wegmann , Norbert Christian Wolf , Walter de Gruyter, December 23, 2011, p. 44 ff.
- ^ Gouldner, Alvin (1920-1980): Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology , 2007, ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1 . ( Extract ( Memento of the original from July 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. )
- ↑ "In the late 1960s Gouldner (), among others, denounced theorists who developed systems with cotton in their ears, deaf to the clamoring voices of the social movements and racial and urban rioting of the time." In: Didier Lapeyronnie: Radical Academicism, or the Sociologist's Monologue. Who are Radical Sociologists Talking with ?, Revue française de sociologie 2006/5 (Vol. 47)
- ^ Jan-Martin Wiarda: Medien-what? , Die Zeit , May 19, 2005
- ↑ Michael Haller: Didactic labeling fraud: The theory-practice interlocking of journalism, section The traditional academicism . In: Beatrice Dernbach , Wiebcke Loosen (Ed.): Didactics of journalism. Concepts, methods and examples from journalist training . 2012, p. 50 .
- ↑ Manuel J. Hartung: The canteen with the mouse , Die Zeit, February 18, 2009.
