Albigensians (chronological table)
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The Albigensians in southwest France were the best-known and most important subgroup of the Cathars , a religious-social, but sometimes also politically motivated (protest) movement of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, which had supporters in many areas of Europe. Initially largely ignored by the official church, from the end of the 12th century the ecclesiastical and political pressure on the movement grew stronger - a pressure that finally culminated in the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) and the establishment of inquisition tribunals (from 1233) and ultimately led to the downfall of the Cathar faith.
Since historical facts and esoteric speculations are not infrequently mixed up in the literature on the Albigensians and Cathars, the following timetable provides a quick overview of the most important events, although it must be taken into account that the sources are generally very poor.
historical overview
- 11th century first appearance of the catharian doctrine in France and Italy
- 12th century spread in several regions and cities of Western Europe
- 1163 Council of Tours : Condemnation of the Cathars as heretics ; possibly first designation as "Albigenser"
- 1165 Conference of Cathars and Catholics in Lombers near Albi
- 1167 Cathar Council in Saint-Félix-Lauragais under the direction of Niketas (Bogumil Bishop ) : establishment or confirmation of the four Cathar dioceses of Albi, Agen , Carcassonne and Toulouse
- 1179 Third Lateran Council : Condemnation of the Cathars by Pope Alexander III.
- 1181 The "pre-crusade" under the direction of legate Heinrich von Albano ends after a brief siege of Lavaur
- 1184 New condemnation of the Cathar faith by Pope Lucius III. in the bull ' Ad Abolendam '
- 1204 Appointment of the Cistercian abbot Arnaud Amalric (or Arnaud Amaury ) as papal envoy by Pope Innocent III. ; subsequently reinforcement of the ministerial mission in the Albigensian regions
- 1206 Establishment of a convent for converted Cathar women in Prouille near Fanjeaux by Domingo de Guzman ; Cathar Council in Mirepoix .
- 1207 dispute between Cathars and Catholics in Pamiers and / or in Montréal (Aude) ; Excommunication of Count Raimund VI. from Toulouse
Expulsion of the Cathars from Carcassonne
- 1208 Assassination of the papal legate Pierre de Castelnau near Saint-Gilles
- 1209 Beginning of the Albigensian Crusade under the leadership of Arnaud Amalric: capture and massacre of Béziers ; Fall of Carcassonne; Appointment of Simon de Montfort as commander of the crusade army
- 1210 The siege and capture of Bram ends with the mutilation and expulsion of about 100 heretics; Fall of the city of Minerve and the castles of Termes and Puivert
- 1211 Siege and capture of the castles of Lastours ; Siege and pyre of Lavaur ; Siege and pyre of Cassés ; Failure of the capture of Toulouse; Battle of Castelnaudary
- 1212 conquest of the Bas- Quercy , the Agennais and the County of Comminges by the Crusader army ; Conquest and destruction of the village of Saint-Marcel (near Cordes )
- 1213 Battle of Muret : death of Peter II of Aragon ; Toulouse surrenders without a fight.
- 1214 Count Raimund VI. flees to England, the home of his 3rd wife Johanna Plantagenet
- 1215 Fourth Lateran Council : Raimund VI. loses his property and his rights to Simon de Montfort.
- 1216 Pope Innocent III dies. (Successor: Honorius III. ); Founding of the Dominican Order
- 1217 Raimund VI returns. to Toulouse; Beginning of the 2nd siege
- 1218 Re- conquest of Toulouse by Raymond VI; Simon de Montfort falls before Toulouse
- 1222 Raimund VI's death. (Successor: Raimund VII. )
- 1223 Death of the French King Philip II (successor: Louis VIII. )
- 1226 establishment of the 5th Cathar diocese ' Razès ' and election of Benoît de Termes ; Louis VIII's royal crusade begins. The south of France largely submits to the king; Raymond II Trencavel goes into exile in Aragón ; Pierre Isarn , a Cathar bishop, dies at the stake in Caunes-Minervois ; Death of Louis VIII (reign of Blanka of Castile )
- 1227 death of Pope Honorius III. (Successor: Gregory IX. )
- 1229 Raymond VII signs the Treaty of Paris (1229) ; the Council of Toulouse confirms the suppression of the Albigensian movement in Languedoc; many Cathars go underground
- 1233 Pope Gregory IX. entrusts the Dominican Order with tracking down and tracking down the Cathars; Beginning of the inquisition processes
- 1240 Raimund II. Trencavel assembles an army consisting mainly of Faydits and tries unsuccessfully to recapture the old possessions of his family (e.g. Carcassonne); Case of Peyrepertuse
- 1242 murder of two inquisitors in Avignonet
- 1243 Beginning of the siege of Montségur
- 1244 Fall of Montségur and stake for the defenders
- 1249 Death of Raimund VII.
- 1255 fall of the castle Quéribus
- 1257 (or 1258) Bernard d'Alion, the last defender of Usson Castle , is captured and burned in Perpignan after an inquisition trial .
- 1271 The county of Toulouse falls to the French crown estate .
- 1321 Wilhelm Belibaste , the last known “perfect” (parfait) is burned in Villerouge-Termenès .
See also
- Guilhabert de Castres , Cathar Bishop
- Faydit
- Aimery de Montréal
- Bernard-Othon de Niort
- Olivier de Termes
- Cathar castles
literature
- Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay: Crusade against the Albigensians. Manesse, Zurich 1997, ISBN 3-7175-8228-3 (translation of the Historia Albigensis from Latin)
- Arno Borst: The Cathars. A. Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1953, ISBN 3-7772-5301-4
- Michèle Aué: The land of the Cathars. Vic-en-Bigorre 1992, ISBN 2-907899-46-5
- Malcolm Lambert: History of the Cathars. Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-89678-401-3
- Lothar Baier: The great heresy: persecution and extermination of the Cathars by church and science. Wagenbach, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8031-2410-7 .
- Jörg Oberste: The crusade against the Albigensians. Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-89678-464-1
- Otto Rahn The crusade against the Grail download [1]