Arnold Amalrich

Innocent III. and Abbot Arnold Amalrich (kneeling; with St. Fides and a scribe; miniature in a South German manuscript from the 1st half of the 13th century)

Arnold Amalrich ( Latin: Arnaldus Amalricus , French: Arnaud Amaury , Catalan: Arnau Amalric ; † September 29, 1225 in the Fontfroide Abbey ) was a monk of the Cistercian Order , which he headed from 1200 to 1212 as abbot of the Cîteaux monastery . As the papal legate, he was appointed spiritual leader of the Albigensian Crusade , which he decisively determined in the initial phase. In 1212 he led a French crusader contingent to Spain and took part in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa with its remains . From 1212 until his death he was Archbishop of Narbonne .

Little is known about Arnaud Amaury's early years, except that he was presumably a native of Catalonia , serving as Abbot of Poblet from 1196 and as Abbot of Grandselve from 1198 before he was appointed Abbot of Cîteaux and thus head of the Cistercian Order in 1200 .

Crusade against the Albigensians

→ Main article : Albigensian Crusade

Legate in the Albigensian region

On May 31, 1204 Arnaud Amaury was from Pope Innocent III. entrusted the leadership of the legates Pierre de Castelnau and Raoul de Fontfroide , who were already active in the "Albigensian land" (terra albigensis) , both of whom also belonged to the Cistercian order. At that time, in what is now southern France, known as Languedoc or Occitania , the brotherhood had for several years led the preaching missions against the Cathar (Albigensian) faith movement established there , which was classified as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church . With his appointment as "extraordinarily empowered legate" (legatus a latere) , Arnaud Amaury was now appointed to lead the spiritual spearhead against heresy. But first he had gone to northern France to intervene on behalf of the Pope with King Philip II August in order to induce him to act in southern France. After being unsuccessful in Paris , he traveled to Montpellier in the summer of 1206 to consult with his two colleagues. There he made the acquaintance of two secular priests Dominikus de Guzmán and Diego von Osma , who were just on their way from Rome to the Albigensian region. From Pope Innocent III. they had received confirmation of their preaching style based on a strict vow of poverty. In Prouille , the two preachers had founded a convention where they could actually induce several heretics to convert, which the Cistercians, who were unable to undertake such radical “Dominican” innovations, had never succeeded. The Cistercians in the Albigensian region had drawn the displeasure of the broader population, not only the Cathar, because of their appearance, and their sermons there accordingly met with little response.

After Arnaud Amaury had participated in the General Chapter of the Cistercians in Cîteaux in the winter of 1206 , he returned to the Albigensian region in the spring of 1207 and took over the legation there again in Fanjeaux . From here he sent his fellow campaigners, divided into small groups, to preach in the surrounding area. Pierre de Castelnau moved to Toulouse , where in April 1207 he had the excommunication over the powerful Count Raimund VI. pronounced, who was accused of supporting heresy and various crimes against the Roman Church. The ban was confirmed shortly afterwards by the Pope, who first called for a crusade to combat heresy and its protectors. Arnaud Amaury himself moved to Provence , where his sermons fell on deaf ears as did those of his confreres in the rest of the Albigensian region. Pierre de Castelnau intended to rejoin him in Provence and met again with Count Raimund VI on the way in the Abbey of Saint-Gilles . for a clarifying conversation. But after this had ended without result, the Legate was murdered on January 14, 1208 after crossing the Rhone on the road to Arles . Arnaud Amaury did not hesitate long and in a letter to the Pope denounced the Count of Toulouse as having commissioned the act. For Innocent III. was thus created a martyr for the struggle against heresy and a welcome pretext for the proclamation of a crusade against them and their supporters, which he wrote in several letters of March 10, 1208 to the clergy and nobility of Languedoc, to the clergy and nobility of northern France and finally propagated to King Philip II.

Legate of the Crusade - "Kill them."

Already on May 17, 1208, the Pope addressed exact instructions to Arnaud Amaury, was to proceed as in the Albigensian question, and instructed him to travel again to the court to Paris to peace between King Philip II. And John Lackland to mediate that would make the king free to lead the crusade militarily. On March 28, Arnaud Amaury was in turn entrusted with the Legation for the Crusade and thus appointed its spiritual leader. With the bull Ut contra crudelissimos published on October 9, 1208 , the crusade was finally sanctioned. Raymond VI. von Toulouse conducted a conversation with the legates in Aubenas about his reconciliation with the church, which would have protected him against the impending crusade. But Arnaud Amaury refused him this, whereupon the count turned directly to the Pope and asked him to appoint a new legate, taking into account his prejudiced relationship with Arnaud Amaury. In fact, in the spring of 1209, the Pope appointed Milon and Thedisius of Genoa, a new college of legates for the Albigensian region, which, without the knowledge of Raymond VI. should be subject to the instructions of Arnaud Amaury in all matters. The Pope had also issued the confidential order to Raimund VI. to be lulled into safety in order to prevent a united front against the crusade. First, however, the legates traveled to the court of Philip II, who in May 1209 at a parliament in Villeneuve-sur-Yonne personally rejected the crusade, but allowed the knighthood of his kingdom to participate. While Arnaud Amaury took over the organization of the crusade army that had gathered there in Lyon , Milon and Thedisius traveled on to Valence in order to negotiate the conditions for the reconciliation of the Count of Toulouse there, in accordance with the papal order, which finally took place on June 18, 1209 in the Abbey of Saint- Gilles was performed in a public penance and reconciliation ceremony. The count thus enjoyed the protection of the Holy See and the crusade was for the time being taken from a dangerous obstacle. Arnaud Amaury now led the crusade in June 1209 along the Rhone into the Albigensian region, because he had rejected the offer of submission by Raimund Roger Trencavel , Vice Count of Béziers and Carcassonne , and had made this prince, who was thus without allies, the first goal of the crusade.

When they stormed Béziers on July 22, 1209, the crusaders massacred the population.

After a short stopover in Montpellier, the army reached Béziers, which Trencavel had placed in defense readiness on July 21, 1209 . After the city superiors refused to hand over 200 Cathars known by name as a condition of surrender, the crusaders took up the siege of the city. On the following day, the defenders made the mistake of failing to close a city gate in an attempt to fail, so that the crusaders could break into the city and then wreak what is probably the largest massacre of the civilian population in the high medieval history of France. Arnaud Amaury later boasted in a letter to the Pope that 20,000 people were killed, although this number is not to be understood in the literal sense, as it was first used as a phrase for innumerable victims. Above all, however, the legate achieved dubious fame in this connection with a saying attributed to it by the German Cistercian monk Caesarius von Heisterbach . After the mercenaries and knights, who had gone on to plunder the town houses, asked him how to distinguish “the good” (Catholics) from “the bad” (heretics), the legate feared that the heretics were feigning orthodoxy could in order to escape their just punishment, to which he is said to have replied:

“ Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius. "

- Caesarius von Heisterbach : Dialogus miraculorum , distinctio V, capitulum XXI.

Translation:

"Kill her. The Lord will already recognize his own. "

The historicity of this dialogue, which was only written several years later, is largely viewed with caution by serious historians, even if it is cited in every publication on this topic, if only to illustrate the enormous extent of the atrocities committed in Béziers of the almost, even for the time Army consisting exclusively of northern French knights. It is noticeable, however, that Caesarius' reference to the hearsay of this incident ( fertur dixisse / "should have said") is usually kept secret, but the quote is often falsified to "kill them all " for reasons of emphasis . As a Cistercian, Caesarius von Heisterbach may have been better informed than many others through the information network of his brotherhood about details from the environment of Arnaud Amaury, nevertheless he was not an eye or ear witness of the events before Béziers. And apart from his report, this quote does not appear anywhere else, not even in the unofficial crusade writer Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay .

After the capture of Béziers, Arnaud Amaury continued the crusade to Carcassonne , behind whose strong defenses Raimund Roger Trencavel had holed up. The shock of the events of Béziers had preceded him and had had its effect on the defenders of Carcassonne. After some fighting in front of and on the walls of the city, which was not adequately prepared for a siege, Trencavel signaled his willingness to surrender, which was conveyed by his liege lord, King Peter II of Aragon , who was present in the camp . But after the crusaders had abused the agreed meeting to arrest Trencavel, the city surrendered unconditionally on August 15, 1209 after a two-week siege. Unlike before in Béziers, Carcassonne was taken in good order, Trencavel was locked in a dungeon and all Cathars had to leave the city forever, leaving their belongings behind. After almost two months of the crusade, Arnaud Amaury was able to record the conquest of two of the most important cities in Languedoc and the disempowerment of one of its most powerful princes. Thus the crusade has also become a campaign of conquest, according to that of Pope Innocent III. issued prey principle, according to which every convicted heretic or their supporters were to be expropriated in favor of the crusaders. For the vice-county of Béziers-Carcassonne this meant that a new master had to be assigned to it, who would ultimately also take over the military leadership of the crusade. As an authorized representative of the Pope, Arnaud Amaury took on this matter and after the princes Odo III. von Burgundy , Hervé von Nevers and Walter von Saint-Pol had refused the offer, the northern French lord of the castle Simon de Montfort accepted it willingly. This was immediately recognizable to Arnaud Amaury by transferring a house in Carcassonne, Béziers and Sallèles to each of the Cistercians , which had previously been expropriated by convicted heretics. Towards the end of August 1209, Arnaud Amaury and Milon wrote their report to the Pope, in which they described the course of the crusade and its successes profusely.

Crusade against Toulouse

While the military matters were now completely taken over by Montfort, Arnaud Amaury shifted back to the diplomatic field, where it was now a matter of fighting the fight against Raimund VI. from Toulouse to initiate. Although the latter had submitted to the will of the Holy See, Arnaud Amaury and his two fellow legates agreed that the Count of Toulouse was the main protector of heresy and thus the main enemy of the crusade. In the refusal of the city leaders of Toulouse to hand over heretical citizens of their city to the ecclesiastical authorities, the legates found a welcome pretext to present Raymond VI. of perjury and to accuse him on 6 September 1209 a council in Avignon once more the excommunication pronounce. Two months later, however, in Montpellier, the attempt to recognize Montfort as a new vassal by the Aragonese king failed, who was irreconcilable towards Montfort because of the way the Crusaders dealt with his previous vassal Trencavel and his own bypassing in this matter. At about the same time, Raimund VI. book a diplomatic success in Rome in that he was able to get the Pope to promise an investigation of his charges subject to the rules of canon law, which was to be carried out by the legates. Arnaud Amaury and Thedisius of Genoa, who had replaced the now deceased Milon as negotiator, did not think of giving the Count of Toulouse the option of absolution and cunningly delayed the judicial investigation throughout 1210, making the Count the victim of a Denial of justice made.

In the spring of 1210 Arnaud Amaury stayed in Toulouse, whose city superiors he promised to break away from the interdict if they were willing to donate 1000 livre for the crusade. When the consuls refused this offer, he pronounced the excommunication over the city, which was immediately withdrawn by Bishop Fulko in return for a pledge of allegiance to the Roman Church. From Toulouse, the legate then went to the encampment in front of Minerve , where he did not even attempt to convert their heretical residents, since, in his opinion, they were so deeply convinced of their erroneous belief that they would not of even face a pyre would drain him. In fact, on July 22, 1210, only three Cathars were ready to change their faith, while about 140 more willingly mounted the first great pyre of the Crusade. From Minerve, Arnaud Amaury and Thedisius went to Saint-Gilles, where their college was completed by Bishop Raimund von Uzès, who replaced Milon, who had died in December 1209. Probably in August 1210 they confirmed the excommunication of the Count of Toulouse and at the same time extended it to Count Raimund Roger von Foix and Vice Count Gaston VI. from Béarn . Apparently there had been a mutual agreement between Arnaud Amaury and Simon de Montfort, in which the latter should be able to expand the crusade, which for Montfort had long assumed the character of a feudal war, with the conquest of the richest and most powerful principality of Occitania as its goal.

The last obstacle to this was King Peter II of Aragon, who was still a potential opponent of Montfort. In order to neutralize the king, Arnaud Amaury set out to use all his talent for cunning and diplomacy for the council of all powers involved in Languedoc, which he convened in January 1211 in Narbonne . Opposite Raimund VI. he held out the prospect of absolution if he again confessed to his 1209 sworn oaths of Saint-Gilles. At the same time he managed to achieve a reconciliation between Simon de Montfort and Peter II of Aragón, in which the king recognized the leader of the crusade as his vassal. Arnaud Amaury had cleverly exploited the geopolitical predicament of the king, who was besieged by the Muslim Almohads in Spain and therefore needed peace on the northern slope of the Pyrenees . Only a few days later, Arnaud Amaury was able to complete his trap in Montpellier, where the council had adjourned, when he deepened the relationship between Montfort and the king through an engagement between their children and at the same time that of Raymond VI. directed catalog of demands extended by several unfulfillable conditions. After the count had rejected these demands, as expected, the ban on him was confirmed and the Pope was advised to extend the crusade to Tolosan territory. With the Council of Narbonne-Montpellier in 1211, Arnaud Amaury succeeded again after 1209 in preventing a united front between two powerful princes against the crusade and in politically isolating the Count of Toulouse. At the beginning of March 1211, Montfort took up the siege of Lavaur , the first city to belong to the Count of Toulouse, during which on April 7 the Pope approved the Council decision. When several followers of Raymond VI took over the city on May 3rd. could be taken up, his ambivalent attitude to the crusade was revealed, with which the fight against him could now be additionally justified. In Lauvur, a large number of captured Cathars were burned on the second and largest stake of the crusade, according to various sources between 300 and 400.

After the Council of Narbonne-Montpellier, Arnaud Amaury's influence on the crusade began to wane, however, which was now completely dominated by Montfort and his goals, which had little to do with the actual fight against heretics. In June 1211 he was still present at the first siege of Toulouse in the field camp, which, however, ended in a shameful retreat.

Archbishop of Narbonne

Las Navas de Tolosa and Muret

Arnaud Amaury then also pursued his own interests and carried out his appointment as Archbishop of Narbonne . The previous incumbent, Berengar of Barcelona , was an uncle of the King of Aragón, but had proven to be completely unsuitable for combating heretics during his long term in office. Berengar shied away from a confrontation with the powerful legate and willingly gave up his office, so that Arnaud Amaury could be elected as the new archbishop of one of the largest ecclesiastical provinces in Western Europe on March 12, 1212 . At the same time he gave up the management of the Abbey of Cîteaux and the leadership over the Cistercians. At his solemn consecration on May 2nd, Raimund von Uzès suggested to him that he should also assume the title of Duke of Narbonne in order to secure secular rule over the city and its surroundings. The title of duke was originally held by the Tolosan earl, but this could be withdrawn due to the principle of booty. In fact, the Vice Count of Narbonne , Aimery III, paid homage . , opposite Arnaud Amaury, who thus also became a secular ruler. At the same time, however, the cause of his future dispute with Simon de Montfort was justified, who as a military crusade leader himself all the secular legal titles of Raymond VI. claimed for himself. Apparently Arnaud Amaury began to distance himself from Montfort during this time. In any case, in May 1212 he received a warning letter from the Pope, which reproached him about the trial of Raymond VI, which had not yet been initiated. and made his condemnation as a heretic, which could justify his expropriation in the first place. The Pope therefore handed the litigation into the hands of Thedisius of Genoa.

For the time being, Arnaud Amaury no longer worried about the Albigensian Crusade. Instead, shortly after his election, he recruited 150 knights and an unknown number of foot troops from Poitou and Viennois , with whom he moved to Spain on May 22, 1212 to support the Christian kings in the fight against the Almohads. On June 24th he captured the castle of Malagón and on July 1st he was involved in the reconquest of Calatrava La Vieja . On July 16, he finally fought in the decisive battle at Las Navas de Tolosa . He described his experiences in Spain in a detailed report to the General Chapter of the Cistercians, which is one of the most important sources on the events on the Iberian Peninsula in 1212.

The victory over the Muslims probably strengthened Arnaud Amaury once again in the fight against heresy. In any case, the heretical Tolosa must now also fall after the Moorish, as he put it. But the victory of Las Navas de Tolosa led to a change in the diplomatic situation in Languedoc, as Count Raimund VI. and King Peter II, who had become a Catholic hero, agreed on a mutual agreement and a peace plan, of which they were also able to convince the Pope. Simon de Montfort, on the other hand, had become hostile to the Aragonese king when he withdrew his crusader contingent, recalled from Spain, in the midst of the Muslim offensive in 1211. On January 15, 1213, Arnaud Amaury received the papal order to suspend the Albigensian Crusade. In the letter, the Pope confessed to him his bitter insight that the crusade had lost sight of its real goal and had degenerated into a tool of Montfort's policy of conquest. Rather, the Holy Father wanted Montfort and King Peter II to be reconciled and to turn their forces together against the Muslims in Spain. Only three days later, the Pope addressed a letter to the entire college of Legates, in which he accused his plenipotentiaries of having reached with their "greedy hands" for lands that had never been suspected of being heresy, which mainly meant the Comminges and Béarn . The Pope also announced his support for the Aragonese peace plan, which was to be negotiated by all parties involved at a summit conference. The Pope's letters were still on their way to Languedoc when the conflicting parties met that same month at Lavaur, presumably in Verfeil , for deliberation. Arnaud Amaury appeared there as the spokesman for the entire episcopate of southern France, consisting of twenty archbishops and bishops; how great his influence was is not known. In any case, the clergy unanimously rejected King Peter II's peace plan on January 18, 1213, on the very same day that the Pope gave it his approval. Without knowing it, the clerics justified their decision in a letter written on January 21, in which they called for the suspension of the Crusade to be lifted.

Without waiting for a decision by the Pope, the warring camps began to form. Under threat of excommunication against King Peter II, Arnaud Amaury attempted to prevent him from accepting the oath of allegiance of the Counts of Toulouse, Foix, Comminges and Béarn, but did not pronounce the ban when the king took the oaths on January 27, 1213 but accepted. On May 21, the Pope announced the resumption of the crusade, revising his own position, yielding to pressure from his legates. At the same time, however, the Pope insisted on the observance of an armistice between Peter II and Montfort and continued to appoint a new legatus a latere with Cardinal Peter von Benevento , for which Arnaud Amaury only temporarily continued the legation until his arrival. But the conflicting parties were already preparing for the struggle in which they began to position themselves. Arnaud Amaury was obviously having a hard time, as his two brothers in arms were facing each other. On July 24th he made another diplomatic attempt to prevent Peter II from intervening in the military, which the king, however, rejected. Thereupon Arnaud Amaury apologized to Montfort due to illness when he started his march with the crusade army on September 10th from Fanjeaux against the king encamped in front of Muret . Thus he did not have to take part in the Battle of Muret (September 12, 1213) and did not witness the death of King Peter II and the victory of Montfort.

Conflict with Simon de Montfort

With Muret's decision, Arnaud Amaury seemed to have finally broken with the crusade, especially with its actual leader, Simon de Montfort, who now, freed, intended to complete his conquest without a serious opponent. A confrontation with him about the Duchy of Narbonne opened up, to which both made claims. In April 1214, Arnaud Amaury willingly opened the city's gates to a Catalan army whose leaders intended to avenge the death of their king and to free the young James I , who was in Montfort's entourage. Montfort immediately approached and besieged Narbonne, but before the situation could escalate further, the legate Peter von Benevent appeared on site, who managed to surrender the young king and withdraw Montfort. Furthermore, the new legate had received the papal mandate to restore ecclesiastical order, in which Arnaud Amaury and his colleagues had failed, as well as to reconciliate the banned counts and other regulations. Apparently the Pope intended to put Montfort in his place, but in December 1214 Arnaud Amaury received from the papal legate Robert de Courçon , who was on the best of terms with Montfort, the invitation to go to Notre-Dame des Tables for January 1215 to convene a council of the Occitan clergy in Montpellier . The clergy, including Arnaud Amaury, spoke up there in favor of the expropriation of Raimund VI. in favor of Simon de Montfort. It is unclear to what extent Arnaud Amaury had consented to this in a free decision or under pressure from the council participants, but the decision was immediately denied by the legate Peter von Benevento with reference to a papal letter of February 4, in which the Pope postponed this decision to the the fourth Lateran Council , scheduled for November .

By then, Arnaud Amaury's relationship with Simon de Montfort had reached a new low, when the latter, with the backing of Prince Louis VIII, who had arrived in Languedoc, received the feudal tribute from the Vice-Count of Narbonne on May 22, 1215 and thus asserted his claim to the duchy made. Montfort was able to complete his triumph shortly afterwards when the prince, acting as his father's representative, ordered the demolition of the city walls of both Toulouse and Narbonne , which was immediately implemented. Arnaud Amaury repaid this abuse by being the only member of the Occitan clergy and, to the surprise of everyone else in Rome, at the fourth Lateran Council as a member of Raymond VI. appeared, his former mortal enemy, because of whom he had played such a major role in the expansion of the crusade. In fact, he initially succeeded in getting Pope Innocent III. for the concerns of Raimund VI. to vote favorably, but in secret talks the prelates speaking for Montfort were able to change the Pope's mind. So was Raymond VI. on November 30, 1215, in the final judgment, forfeited all his domains and legal titles which were to be transferred in full to Simon de Montfort, including the Duchy of Narbonne.

Just like Raimund VI. also thought Arnaud Amaury not to recognize the judgment of the fourth Lateran Council and in the spring of 1216 asked Vice-Count Aimery to give him a new feudal tribute. Arnaud Amaury demonstratively opposed the Montfort, who marched in front of Narbonne at the beginning of March, and after he had been rudely pushed aside by him, he imposed the excommunication on his former companion, which was to be effective as long as he was in the city . In fact, Montfort left the city as soon as possible, whose representatives as well as the vice-count had declared their allegiance to him in spite of everything. In a letter dated July 2, 1216, Arnaud Amaury informed the Pope about these events and demanded that this conflict be clarified again. At the same time, Montfort received the Duchy of Narbonne from the hands of King Philip II August as a fief, with which he cemented his rule over the city according to secular feudal law. In Rome, however, the new Pope Honorius III showed himself . - Innocent III. had died on July 16 - open to the concerns of his archbishop. On March 7, 1217, he had recognized his claim to the ducal office, but this did not change the facts on site. This was not accomplished until the return of Raymond VI. to his capital in September 1217, its subsequent siege by Montfort and his death on June 25, 1218.

Last years

For the next six years, Arnaud Amaury was only a silent observer of the impending defeat of the crusade under his new, militarily incapable leader, Amaury de Montfort . Neither a new intervention by Prince Louis VIII nor the death of Raimund VI. 1222 could change something, especially since the Occitans with Raimund VII now seemed to have leased military fortune for themselves. So there was nothing more to do for him than to negotiate on January 14, 1224 on the banks of the Aude to the Occitanians the surrender of the participants in the crusade that he himself had once launched. Together with other prelates of Languedoc, Arnaud Amaury wrote a report on January 23 about the defeat of the now King Louis VIII, in which they complained, among other things, of the return of the Cathar heresy, which its social and institutional structure in the past years of war underground alive. This report certainly contributed to the king's plan to set up his own crusade in the Languedoc, but to what extent Arnaud Amaury knew about it is unclear. In fact, instead, he campaigned for a reconciliation with the Holy See between the Occitan nobility around Raimund VII, Roger Bernard II of Foix and Raimund II Trencavel , who had prepared to submit to the oaths of Saint-Gilles of 1209 . After the Pope had given his consent, Arnaud Amaury was able to accept the oaths of the princes on August 25, 1224 in Montpellier on his behalf, who had committed themselves to the Church to combat heresy, among other things.

At the same time, this peace initiative in Paris was thwarted by the legate Romano Bonaventura , who had succeeded in preventing the Pope's absolution of the Occitan princes. At the council convened by him in November 1225 in Bourges , Raymond VII was finally excommunicated and a new crusade was proclaimed, which was to be led by the French king. Arnaud Amaury never witnessed any of this. The last year of his life he retired to the Cistercian Abbey of Fontfroide , where he died on September 29, 1225.

literature

• Martin Alvira Cabrer: El venerable Arnaldo Amalrico (h. 1196-1225): Idea y realidad de un cisterciense entre dos Cruzadas. In: Hispania Sacra , 48 : 569-591 (1996).
• Martin Alvira Cabrer: Le vénérable Arnaud Amaury: Image et réalité d'un cistercien entre deux Croisades. In: Heresis , Vol. 32 (2000), pp. 3-35.
• Raymonde Foreville: Arnauld-Amalric, Archevêque de Narbonnde (1196-1225) , In: Narbonne, archeologie et histoire (XLVe Congrès de la Fédération historique de Languedoc méditerranéen et du Roussillon) , Vol. 2 (1973), pp 129-146 .
• Malcolm Barber: The Cathars. Heretic of the Middle Ages. Artemis & Winkler Verlag, Düsseldorf and Zurich 2003. (English first edition: The Cathars. Dualist heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow 2000).
• Rebecca Rist: The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. New York 2009.
• Michel Roquebert: The History of the Cathars, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Languedoc. German translation by Ursula Blank-Sangmeister, Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart 2012. (French first edition, Histoire des Cathares. Hérésie, Croisade, Inquisition du XIe au XIVe siècle. Éditions Perrin, Paris 1999).
• Jörg Oberste : The crusade against the Albigensians. Heresy and Power Politics in the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 2003.

swell

• Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay = Petri, Vallium Sarnaii Monachi, Historia Albigensium et sacri belli in eos suscepti , In: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , Vol. 19 (1880), pp. 1–113.
• Guillaume de Puylaurens = Guillelmi de Podio Laurentii Historia Albigensium. In: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , Vol. 19 (1880), pp. 193-225.
• Guillaume de Puylaurens = Historiae Albigensium auctore Guillelmo de Podio Laurentii. In: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , Vol. 20 (1840), pp. 764-776.
• Chanson de la Croisade (Canso de la Crosada) = La chanson de la croisade contre les Albigeois , ed. by Paul Mayer, Vol. 1 ( Guillaume de Tudela ), 1875; Vol. 2 (Anonymous), 1879.

Web links

Commons : Arnaud Amalric  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Citeaux Abbey (French)
• Arnaud Amaury ( Memento from May 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on www.cathares.org (French)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 215, Col. 358-360.
2. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 215, Col. 1166.
3. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 215, Col. 1354-1358; 1358-1359; 1359-1360 and 1361-1362.
4. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 215, Col. 1360.
5. ↑ Layettes du Trésor des Chartes , Vol. 1, ed. by Alexandre Teulet (1863), no. 843, pp. 317-319 = Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), No. 3348, p. 886.
6. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 215, Col. 1469-1470.
7. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 187. Raoul de Fontfroide, the colleague of Pierres de Castelnau, had already died in the summer of 1207.
8. ↑ Roquebert, p. 130, note 30. Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay ( RHGF 19, p. 20) reports of 7000 victims who were cremated in the church Marie-Magdalena (today the cathedral Saint-Nazaire ), whereby the old church was certainly not big enough to accommodate such a crowd. Vaux-de-Cernay was not an eyewitness to the Béziers massacre either; he had only joined the crusade army in the spring of 1212 and had added the events up to then.
9. ↑ Caesarii Heisterbacensis monachi ordinis Cisterciensis Dialogus miraculorum , ed. by Joseph Strange (1851), vol. 1, p. 302.
10. ↑ Barber, p. 342, note 595.
11. ↑ So also in Roquebert, p. 130, and Oberste, p. 70, who in turn quotes from Gerhard E. Sollbach, Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay - Kreuzzug gegen die Albigenser (1996), pp. 373–374. For the translation problem, see Barber, p. 342, note 595.
12. ↑ Catalog des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort , ed. by August Molinier In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. Vol. 34 (1873), No. 29.
13. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 137-141.
14. ^ Letter from the Legate Milon to the Pope of September 10, 1209 in: Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), col. 767-774. Barber, p. 135.
15. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 173-176.
16. ↑ Roquebert, pp. 159-161.
17. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 833-835.
18. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 410-411.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Gallia Christiana Vol. 6 (1739), No. 36, Col. 61-65.
20. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 613-614 = Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , Vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), No. 4517, p. 390.
21. ↑ According to Puylaurens ( RHGF 19, p. 207) there were 100 knights.
22. ↑ Selecta ex varis chronicis ad Philippi Augusti regnum pertinentibus - De Francorum expeditione ac victoria adversus Sarracenos in Hispania reportata , in: RHGF 19, pp. 250-254.
23. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 744-745 = Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , Vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), No. 4648, p. 402.
24. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 739-740.
25. ↑ Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), col. 868-871.
26. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 842-843.
27. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 849-852.
28. ↑ Innocentii III Registrorum sive Epistolarum , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 216, Col. 955-956; 958-959.
29. ^ Letter from the legate Robert de Courçon to Arnaud Amaury dated December 7, 1214 in Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), Sp. 950-951.
30. ↑ Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), col. 935-954.
31. ↑ Layettes du Trésor des Chartes , Vol. 1, ed. by Alexandre Teulet (1863), No. 1099, pp. 410-411 = Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , Vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), no.4950, p. 431.
32. ↑ Catalog des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort , ed. by August Molinier in, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , vol. 34 (1873), no.101.
33. ↑ Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), col. 953-1086. The judgment regarding the expropriation of Raymond VI. was issued in a circular dated December 14, 1215. See Mansi 22, Sp. 1069-1070.
34. ↑ Epistolarum Innocentii III Lib. XVII , in: RHGF 19, pp. 596–597.
35. ↑ Catalog des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort , ed. by August Molinier in, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , vol. 34 (1873), no. 127.
36. ^ Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , Vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), No. 5490, p. 483.
37. ↑ Histoire générale de Languedoc (preuves) Vol. 8, ed. by Claude Devic and Joseph Vaissète (1879), No. 229, Col. 779–780 = Catalog des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort , ed. by August Molinier in, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , vol. 34 (1873), no.203.
38. ↑ Histoire générale de Languedoc (preuves) Vol. 8, ed. by Claude Devic and Joseph Vaissète (1879), no. 231, col. 782–786.
39. ^ Regesta Pontificum Romanorum , Vol. 1, ed. by August Potthast (1874), No. 7299, p. 630. Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol. 22, ed. by Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1778), Sp. 1206-1207.

predecessor	Office	successor
Berengar from Barcelona	Archbishop of Narbonne 1212-1225	Pierre Amiel