Alexander Wassiljewitsch Njomitz

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Aleksandr Nemits ( Russian Александр Васильевич Нёмитц * July 26 jul. / 7. August  1879 greg. In the village Kotjuschany, Bessarabia Governorate , † 1. October 1967 in Yalta ) was a Soviet vice-admiral and commander in chief of Seekriegsflotte of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1920-1921).

Life

Njomitz grew up in Odessa . His father WF Njomitz was a trained lawyer and died early. His mother, Sofia Apollonovna Kuznetsova, sent him to a sea cadet institute, which he graduated with honors in 1899. He began his career as a fellow in the Black Sea Fleet . From 1902 to 1903, after attending artillery courses for officers, he taught at a school for commanders and ship electricians. From 1907 Leutnant Njomitz worked as a historian in the history department of the Naval General Staff. He studied archives on the Russo-Japanese War . His work was published in the journal Morskoj Sbornik . This resulted in the standard work Applied Strategy ( Russian Прикладная стратегия ) published in 1913 , which was used for many years in the training of Imperial Russian and Soviet officers.

First World War

During the First World War , Frigate Captain Njomitz served as a staff officer in the operational Black Sea Department of the Navy General Staff. At the same time he was assigned to the headquarters of the high command . At his own request, he became the commander of the gunboat Donets of the Black Sea Fleet in 1915 . He then commanded the 5th and then the 1st destroyer division . In September 1917 Njomitz was promoted to Rear Admiral by Admiral Kolchak at the instigation of the Provisional Government and appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Njomitz confessed to Soviet power in November 1917. In that year he married Anastasia Alexandrovna Wrubel, the sister of the artist Mikhail Wrubel .

Russian civil war

From August to October 1919 he was chief of staff of the southern group of the 12th Army. In August 1919, during the great offensive of the White Army under General Denikin and the retreat of the Bolsheviks , Njomitz carried out legendary strategic maneuvers in the hinterland of the opposing armies, which went down in civil war history and which were taught for many years at military academies. He was wounded twice in the leg during the fighting and evacuated to Moscow from Zhytomyr , which was captured by the Red Army .

On February 6, 1920, the assembly of the Politburo of the KPR (B) decided to use Njomitz as Commander in Chief of the naval forces and to accept him as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council. The strategist Njomitz made a contribution to securing the oil reserves in the Caspian Sea. The English and White Guard ships based in the Persian port of Enzeli disrupted the transport of oil from Baku . Nyomitz proposed a plan, which was discussed at the highest level with Lenin , for the destruction of the ships in the base. He was responsible for the successful implementation of the operation by the Volga-Caspian Flotilla under the direction of Raskolnikov .

The Bolsheviks now concentrated their forces on defeating Wrangel's army in the Crimea . Nyomitz therefore strengthened the Azov flotilla by supplying weapons, ammunition and men from the Baltic fleet . In the period from 14th to 17th In August 1920, landing forces under the command of General Ulagai were concentrated on the east bank of the Sea of ​​Azov with the task of expanding military operations to the Kuban area . During this time, Njomitz managed to arm 40 ships, to set up an air division of 18 aircraft and to form a marine division of 4,600 men. Knowing Ulagai's plans, he prevented the White Guard ships from entering the Sea of ​​Azov through the Kerch Strait by laying 266 sea ​​mines . At the same time he organized a counter-offensive landing in the hinterland of Ulagai's troops. This maneuver, which led to the defeat of the White Army, went down in history as the first of its kind.

Soviet time

In December 1921, Njomitz asked for his release as Commander in Chief of the Navy. From then on he took over teaching duties at the academies of the air and later naval forces. From 1930 he was the deputy inspector of the naval fleet. During this time, the consequences of his war wounds made themselves felt. He became seriously ill and almost completely lost his hearing. But he was able to recover and resume his work. In 1938 he wrote the book The Work of the Main Naval Staff ( Russian Работа Главного Морского штаба ), which he finished before the outbreak of World War II . Like his memoirs, it was never published. Only handwritten records have survived, which are exhibited in the Museum Panorama of Defense of Sevastopol . From August 1938 to November 1940 he was posted to the Seekriegsverlag. In 1941 he was appointed Vice Admiral. During the Great Patriotic War , Njomitz worked as a professor at the Chair of Strategy and Tactics at the Naval War Academy . In 1947 he became a reservist. He worked for the Hydrographic Service of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol , lived very spartan and modestly. In the mid-1950s he moved to live with his daughter in Yalta and spent his last years there. He was buried in Sevastopol.

A granddaughter was the human rights activist Tatiana Sergejewna Chodorowitsch .

Awards

Works

  • Стратегическое исследование русско-японской войны на море . Морская академия [Morskaya akademiya] (published 1909–1910).
  • Исследование русско-японской войны на море периода командования флотом адмирала Макарова . In: Морской сборник [Morskoĭ sbornik] . (Published 1912-1913).
  • Русско-японская война на море . In: История русской Армии и флота [Istoriya russkoy Armii i flota] . tape 15 . Obrazovanīe, Moscow 1913, OCLC 38632283 .
  • Очерки по истории русско-японской войны . Морская академия [Morskaya akademiya], 1912.
  • Очерк морских операций русско-японской войны . Морская академия [Morskaya akademiya] (published 1912–1913).
  • Прикладная стратегия . Морская академия [Morskaya akademiya], 1913.

literature

  • KA Zalesskij: Кто был кто в Первой Мировой войне . Moscow 2003, ISBN 5-271-06895-1 , pp. 896 (Russian).
  • Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes . tape 5 (Russian).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d W. G. Lebedko: Alexander Wassiljewitsch Njomitz.
  2. ↑ KA Salesskij: Kto byl kto w perwoj mirowoj wojne.
personal data
SURNAME Njomitz, Alexander Wassiljewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Нёмитц, Александр Васильевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian military, commander in chief of the Soviet naval fleet
DATE OF BIRTH August 7, 1879
PLACE OF BIRTH Kotyushany village, Bessarabia governorate
DATE OF DEATH October 1, 1967
Place of death Yalta