Substance-induced psychosis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
F10.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol
F11.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to opioids
F12.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to cannabinoids
F13.- Mental and behavioral disorders caused by sedatives or hypnotics
F14.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to cocaine
F15.- Mental and behavioral disorders from alternative stimulants , including caffeine
F16.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to hallucinogens
F17.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to tobacco
F18.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to volatile solvents
F19.- Mental and behavioral disorders due to multiple substance use and consumption of other psychotropic substances
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

A substance-induced psychosis (also known as drug psychosis or drug-induced psychosis is) a psychotic disorder , with or without medical prescription of one or more psychotropic substances (such as. For example, alcohol , cannabinoids , cocaine , amphetamines , hallucinogens , new psychoactive substances etc. ) was triggered. Substance-induced psychoses can be irreversible (incurable), but also temporary. Psychiatrically they are classified under exogenous psychoses .

Psychoactive substances can cause or trigger psychosis; Psychoses that have already subsided can break out again. A single consumption may be sufficient for this. Substance use psychotic disorders are treated like other psychoses and do not always completely heal through abstinence.

Classification according to ICD-10

There are the following forms of substance-induced psychosis:

  • schizophrenic form (F1x.50)
  • predominantly delusional (F1x.51)
  • predominantly hallucinatory (F1x.52)
  • predominantly polymorphic (F1x.53)
  • predominantly affective (F1x.54–56)

According to ICD-10 (2014), a psychotic disorder due to substance use (F1x.5) is of:

to distinguish.

alcohol

In addition to organic damage to the stomach, heart and above all the liver, the brain is also affected by regular alcohol consumption. Diseases of the brain are in particular delirium tremens , a life-threatening disease with delusional perception such as spiders, "white mice" etc. with violent excitement, insomnia, fear and disorientation. There is also the Korsakoff syndrome (also Korsakoff psychosis), a form of amnesia (memory disorder).

Alcohol psychoses exist in the form of alcoholic jealousy madness (ICD-10 F10.51) and alcohol hallucinosis (ICD-10 F10.52) with delusions of the patient in which he hears voices, for example, insulting him. Alcohol-related psychoses can occur in acute intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, as well as in chronic alcoholics. The specific diagnosis of alcohol-related psychosis is also known as alcohol hallucinosis, a relatively rare consequence of alcohol abuse which, depending on the inclusion criteria used for the diagnosis, occurs more often than is traditionally assumed. Alcoholic jealousy can develop permanently, alcohol hallucinosis subsides after a few months after cessation of consumption, but develops permanently if consumption is not ceased.

In alcohol-induced psychosis, symptoms of psychosis occur during or shortly after heavy alcohol consumption or when patients are admitted to hospital and then develop withdrawal symptoms with or without delirium tremens . Clinically , alcohol-induced psychosis is similar to schizophrenia , but has proven to be a unique and independent disorder (ICD-10 F10.5, alcohol-induced psychotic disorder (AIPD) DSM-5 292.1). It is characterized by hallucinations , paranoia, and fear . A 2015 Dutch review of alcohol-induced psychotic disorders found a lifetime prevalence of 0.4% in the general population and a prevalence of 4% of alcohol-induced psychosis in patients with alcohol dependence . Alcohol psychosis can last a few weeks to months. Patients with alcohol-related psychosis have a 5% to 30% risk of developing chronic schizophrenia-like syndrome. Once diagnosed with alcohol-related psychosis, there is a 68% chance of re-entry and a 37% comorbidity (concomitant illness ) with other mental disorders. In addition to alcohol psychosis, patients have a much higher chance of developing anxiety disorders or depression or of dying of suicide .

The incidence is highest among men of working age. There is also a higher prevalence of alcohol-related psychosis among patients who became addicted to alcohol at a young age, as well as those of low socioeconomic status, those who are unemployed or living on their pension, and those who live alone. In alcoholics, paternal drinking problems and paternal mental health problems have been linked to higher incidences of alcohol-related psychosis. Twin studies also suggest a genetic predisposition to developing alcohol-related psychosis.

Cannabinoids

The extent to which cannabinoids can trigger psychoses has not yet been clarified, and a causal relationship has not yet been found. It has so far remained unclear whether cannabinoids can be considered here as the sole factor or in combination with other factors (alcohol, previous illnesses) as triggers. A disruption of dopaminergic systems caused by cannabinoids was discussed as a possible neurobiological mechanism . Studies on a possible connection between the COMT genotype and the likelihood of developing psychosis in cannabis users have so far (as of 2018) produced inconsistent results and an extremely complex picture. Cannabis may also be consumed as part of self-medication due to the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) ; several studies indicate a beneficial potential of cannabidiol in schizophrenia. The World Health Organization stated in its 2018 review:

"The vast majority of people who use cannabis will never develop a psychotic disorder, and those who do are likely to have some genetic vulnerability to cannabis-induced psychosis."

"The vast majority of people who use cannabis will never develop psychotic disorder, and those who do are likely to be genetically susceptible to cannabis-induced psychosis."

- Secretariat of the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD)

On the basis of a case-control study (2019) with more than 900 psychosis patients in different regions of Europe, a very clear correlation was found between the risk of developing psychoses and daily recreational consumption as well as high THC concentrations. However, neither the cannabidiol value of the cannabis consumed was taken into account in the study design , nor were urine or blood samples taken from the participants. She concludes:

"In conclusion, our findings confirm previous evidence of the harmful effect on mental health of daily use of cannabis, especially of high-potency types. Importantly, they indicate for the first time how cannabis use affects the incidence of psychotic disorder. Therefore, it is of public health importance to acknowledge alongside the potential medicinal properties of some cannabis constituents the potential adverse effects that are associated with daily cannabis use, especially of high-potency varieties. "

“In summary, our results confirm previous evidence of the harmful effects of daily cannabis use on mental health, particularly among highly potent types. What is important is that they show for the first time how cannabis use affects the incidence of psychotic disorders. Therefore, in addition to the potential medicinal properties of some cannabis components, it is important for public health to consider the potential side effects associated with daily cannabis use, especially with highly potent strains. "

- di Forte et al. 2019

The psychotic disorder induced by cannabinoids (ICD-10 F12.50-.53) is often paranoid-hallucinatory with clearly affective components (schizoaffective characteristics). It lasts from days to a few weeks, rarely months.

Cannabinoids and schizophrenia

Whether cannabis triggers schizophrenia is controversial, the International Classification of Diseases has not provided a code for this, and the causal chain is unclear. Furthermore, cannabis use has risen sharply since 1960, but the number of schizophrenia cases has remained relatively constant. There is some evidence that cannabis use may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia in certain people or make an existing schizophrenic illness worse.

cocaine

A cocaine psychosis characterized by paranoid delusional cognitive disorders, as well as by optical, acoustic and tactile perception disorders. Dermatozoa madness is a characteristic symptom, and the person concerned believes that insects are crawling under his skin. These conditions can remain chronic.

MDMA (ecstasy)

Acute as well as psychotic effects lasting for weeks and months - in addition to hallucinations, panic attacks and depersonalization - have been described in individual cases after taking MDMA (ecstasy), several times even after consuming it only once in the usual dose.

Hallucinogens

Psychoses triggered by hallucinogens differ significantly from psychoses induced by other substances, which is why the clinical picture of a hallucinogen-induced psychosis, the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder ( HPPD ), exists . In particular, hallucinogenic substances such as LSD and psilocybin can lead to states of intoxication in which colors, shapes or images that do not come from sensory perception are perceived. These states can resemble a psychosis (see also: model psychosis ), but must be differentiated from a substance-induced psychosis: In contrast to the mentally ill, users of hallucinogens can usually recognize that the phenomena they perceive are not of external but internal origin and represent only pseudo-hallucinations. In the case of schizophrenic forms, acoustic hallucinations dominate and optical phenomena can only occur occasionally.

In a retrospective cross-sectional study (2013) of patient information in questionnaires from 2001 to 2004, a possible statistical connection between medical treatment within the past year for psychological or psychiatric problems and at least one use of one of the psychedelic substances LSD , psilocybin or mescaline / peyote was found examined throughout life. The National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) records, conducted by the U.S. Department of Health, provided data from 130,152 such patients for this period. Of these, 21,967 stated that they had consumed one of the substances mentioned at least once in their life. A statistically significant relationship between the examined variables was not found. The authors concluded that taking one of the psychedelic substances LSD, psilocybin or mescaline / peyote at least once throughout life was not an independent risk factor for psychological problems in the past year. However, they pointed out that a study of this type did not give any indications of possible causal relationships.

Reception in the media

See also

literature

  • Franz Moggi: Epidemiology, aetiology and treatment of patients with psychoses and comorbid addictions. In: Therapeutic review. 75, 2018, p. 37, doi: 10.1024 / 0040-5930 / a000964 .
  • SC Akerman, MF Brunette, DL Noordsy, AI Green: Pharmacotherapy of Co-Occurring Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders. In: Current addiction reports. Volume 1, Number 4, December 2014, pp. 251-260, doi: 10.1007 / s40429-014-0034-7 . PMID 27226947 , PMC 4877030 (free full text).

alcohol

  • Holly A. Stankewicz: Alcohol Related Psychosis. In: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. December 23, 2018, accessed April 21, 2019 .
  • B. Masood, P. Lepping, D. Romanov, R. Poole: Treatment of Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder (Alcoholic Hallucinosis) - A Systematic Review. In: Alcohol and alcoholism. Volume 53, Number 3, May 2018, pp. 259-267, doi: 10.1093 / alcalc / agx090 . PMID 29145545 (Review).
  • ML Hendricks, RA Emsley, DG Nel, HB Thornton, GP Jordaan: Cognitive changes in alcohol-induced psychotic disorder. In: BMC research notes. Volume 10, Number 1, April 2017, p. 166, doi: 10.1186 / s13104-017-2485-0 . PMID 28446210 , PMC 5406896 (free full text).

cannabis

  • TH Moore, S. Zammit, A. Lingford-Hughes, TR Barnes, PB Jones, M. Burke, G. Lewis: Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. In: Lancet. Volume 370, Number 9584, July 2007, ISSN  1474-547X , pp. 319-328, doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (07) 61162-3 . PMID 17662880 (Review).
  • DM Semple, AM McIntosh, SM Lawrie: Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review. In: Journal of psychopharmacology. Volume 19, Number 2, March 2005, ISSN  0269-8811 , pp. 187-194. PMID 15871146 (Review).

cocaine

  • Jerome J. Platt: Cocaine Addiction: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Harvard University Press 2000, ISBN 0-674-00178-8 .
  • Roger D. Weiss, Steven M. Mirin, Roxanne L. Bartel: Cocaine. American Psychiatric Pub 2002, ISBN 1-58562-138-2 .

Hallucinogens

  • Lee M. Cohen, Frank L. Collins, Jr., Alice Young, Dennis E. McChargue, Thad R. Leffingwell, Katrina L. Cook: Pharmacology and Treatment of Substance Abuse: Evidence and Outcome Based Perspectives. New York, Routledge 2013, ISBN 1-135-70401-5 .
  • Jan Dirk Blom: A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer Science & Business Media 2009, ISBN 1-4419-1223-1 .

MDMA (ecstasy)

  • Leslie Iversen: Speed, Ecstasy, Ritalin: The Science of Amphetamines. Oxford University Press 2008, ISBN 0-19-853090-0 .
  • Ralph E. Tarter, Robert Ammerman, Peggy J. Ott: Handbook of Substance Abuse: Neurobehavioral Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media 2013, ISBN 1-4757-2913-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Addictive substances, treatment options, advice centers , BZgA, Cologne (PDF; 0.8 MB)
  2. ↑ ICD-10-GM Version 2014: Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychotropic substances (F10 – F19) ( Memento of the original from May 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dimdi.de
  3. ^ A b A. Chandrakumar, A. Bhardwaj, GW 't Jong: Review of thiamine deficiency disorders: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis. In: Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. Volume 30, Number 2, October 2018, pp. 153–162, doi: 10.1515 / jbcpp-2018-0075 . PMID 30281514 .
  4. ↑ a b c Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank: Comorbidity Psychosis and Addiction - Basics and Practice: With manuals for psychoeducation and behavioral therapy . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-12172-6 , pp. 242 ( google.com ).
  5. ↑ DIMDI - ICD-10-WHO Version 2019. In: www.dimdi.de. Retrieved April 18, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Holly A. Stankewicz: Alcohol Related Psychosis. In: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. December 23, 2018, accessed April 21, 2019 .
  7. ^ A b B. Masood, P. Lepping, D. Romanov, R. Poole: Treatment of Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder (Alcoholic Hallucinosis) -A Systematic Review. In: Alcohol and alcoholism. Volume 53, Number 3, May 2018, pp. 259-267, doi: 10.1093 / alcalc / agx090 . PMID 29145545 (Review).
  8. ↑ CP Engelhard, G. Touquet, A. Tansens, J. De Fruyt: [Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: a systematic literature review]. In: Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie. Volume 57, number 3, 2015, pp. 192-201. PMID 25856742 (Review).
  9. ^ A b T. H. Moore, S. Zammit, A. Lingford-Hughes, TR Barnes, PB Jones, M. Burke, G. Lewis: Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. In: Lancet. Volume 370, Number 9584, July 2007, pp. 319-328, doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (07) 61162-3 . PMID 17662880 (Review).
  10. ^ JA McLaren, E. Silins, D. Hutchinson, RP Mattick, W. Hall: Assessing evidence for a causal link between cannabis and psychosis: a review of cohort studies. In: The International journal on drug policy. Volume 21, number 1, January 2010, pp. 10-19, doi: 10.1016 / j.drugpo.2009.09.001 . PMID 19783132 (review).
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  14. ^ E. Hoch, U. Bonnet, R. Thomasius, F. Ganzer, U. Havemann-Reinecke, UW Preuss: Risks associated with the non-medicinal use of cannabis . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt international . tape 112 , no. April 16 , 2015, p. 271–278 , doi : 10.3238 / arztebl.2015.0271 , PMID 25939318 , PMC 4442549 (free full text) - ( online version in German: Risks associated with non-medical use of cannabis , PDF - review article).
  15. ↑ CM White: A Review of Human Studies Assessing Cannabidiol's (CBD) Therapeutic Actions and Potential. In: Journal of clinical pharmacology. [electronic publication before going to press] February 2019, doi: 10.1002 / jcph.1387 . PMID 30730563 (Review).
  16. ↑ a b c World Health Organization , Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (Ed.): Critical Review of Cannabis and cannabis resin (PDF) , Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Section 3: Toxicology, 1.8 Mental health, 2018, p. 7th
  17. ↑ a b Marta di Forte et al .: The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. In: The Lancet - Psychiatry. March 19, 2019. doi: 10.1016 / S2215-0366 (19) 30048-3 .
  18. ↑ a b Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank : Comorbidity Psychosis and Addiction - Basics and Practice: With manuals for psychoeducation and behavioral therapy . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-12172-6 , pp. 237 ( google.com ).
  19. ↑ Laura C. Andreae: Cannabis use and schizophrenia: Chicken or egg? In: Science Translational Medicine. 10, 2018, p. Eaav0342, doi: 10.1126 / scitranslmed.aav0342 .
  20. Jump up ↑ Martin Frisher, Ilana Crome, Orsolina Martino, Peter Croft: Assessing the impact of cannabis use on trends in diagnosed schizophrenia in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005. In: Schizophrenia Research. 113, 2009, p. 123, doi: 10.1016 / j.schres.2009.05.031 .
  21. ↑ L. Degenhardt, W. Hall, M. Lynskey: Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. In: Drug and alcohol dependence. Volume 71, Number 1, July 2003, pp. 37-48. PMID 12821204 .
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  27. ↑ JD Brewer, A. Meves, JM Bostwick, KL Hamacher, MR Pittelkow: Cocaine abuse: dermatologic manifestations and therapeutic approaches. In: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Volume 59, Number 3, September 2008, ISSN  1097-6787 , pp. 483-487, doi: 10.1016 / j.jaad.2008.03.040 . PMID 18467002 (Review).
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