Alpine bells

Alpine bells
	Alpine soldanelle ( Soldanella alpina )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
Order :	Heather-like (Ericales)
Family :	Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily :	Primuloideae
Genre :	Alpine bells
Scientific name
	Soldanella
	L.

The alpine bells ( Soldanella ), also called Soldanelles , are a genus of plants in the primrose family (Primulaceae). They are also called ice bells or tassel flowers. According to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance , all species native to Germany are protected. They are native to the European mountains. Some species are also suitable as ornamental plants for the rock garden .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Soldanella species grow as evergreen or deciduous perennial herbaceous plants . The mostly basal leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blade is rounded.

Generative characteristics

Capsule fruits of Soldanella montana .

On a relatively long inflorescence stem there are several flowers in an inflorescence in the Tubiflores section , but only one flower in the Soldanella section . The hermaphrodite flowers are fivefold. The five petals have mostly purple tones, rarely they are white. In the Tubiflores section the five petals are bell-shaped and in the Soldanella section they are fused together like a funnel. The five tips of the crown are always frayed. There is only one (the inner) circle with five free stamens . The stamens are fused with the corolla tube, but not with each other. In the section Soldanella the style is long and in the section Tubiflores it is short.

The capsule fruits are five- (section Tubiflores ) or ten-toothed (section Soldanella ).

Most Soldanella species had a chromosome set of 2n = 40, except for Soldanella montana , Soldanella villosa (2n = 38) and Soldanella chrysosticta (2n = 38 or 40).

Evolutionary history

The genus Soldanella originated in the Tertiary in the Alps (alpine). There are six species in the Alps .

ecology

There are two ecogeographical groups of forest-dwelling, montane and alpine species.

The alpine Soldanella species are typical of the snow-bottom societies of so-called snow valleys : If the snow stays longer in some places in the mountains, certain species are the first to drive out again in the areas where the snow is about to melt; the first type is usually the alpine bell. In the locations that have been covered with snow for a long time, the flower often melts through the thin snow cover. The melting is based less on the plant's own heat generated by breathing than on the absorption of the sun's heat by the dark buds and flower stalks.

Pollination is carried out by insects (bees, bumblebees, butterflies); There is no experimental evidence for suspected self-pollination in Soldanella alpina .

Systematics

The generic name Soldanella was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The type species is Soldanella alpina L. The botanical name Soldanella was already in use in the 16th century. It is said to be due to the fact that the round, kidney-shaped rosette leaves are reminiscent of the Italian coins known as Soldi .

The genus Soldanella is divided into two sections:

Section Tubiflores (Borbás) Knuth : with the two species Soldanella minima and Soldanella pusilla, which predominantly occur in the high elevations of the mountains .
Section Soldanella : with the remaining species.

Multi-flowered inflorescences of the Carpathian soldanelle ( Soldanella carpatica )

Single-flowered inflorescences of the dwarf soldanelle ( Soldanella pusilla )

Shaggy Soldanelle ( Soldanella villosa )

species

According to Zhang & Kadereit (2002, 2004) there are 16 Soldanella species and 4 subspecies, plus a later published subspecies:

Alpine Soldanelle ( Soldanella alpina L. ), with the subspecies:
- Soldanella alpina subsp. alpina (Syn .: Soldanella clusii F.W.Schmidt , Soldanella montana Willd. var. clusii (FWSchmidt) Thomé ): it occurs in the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, the Alps, the Apennines and the Dinaric Alps.
- Soldanella alpina subsp. cantabrica A.Kress : It occurs only in Spain in the Cantabrian Mountains.
Soldanella angusta L.B.Zhang (Syn .: Soldanella montana subsp. Faceta A.Kress ); it occurs in the eastern Carpathians in Romania and in Ukraine.
Soldanella calabrella A.Kress : She is endemic to Calabria (Italy).
Carpathian soldanelle ( Soldanella carpatica Vierh. , Syn .: Soldanella montana Willd. Var. Carpatica (Vierh.) Grint. ): It occurs only on the Polish and Slovak sides of the Tatra Mountains.
Soldanella chrysosticta A.Kress : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
- Soldanella chrysosticta subsp. chrysosticta : It comes in Bulgaria and in eastern Serbia.
- Soldanella chrysosticta subsp. pelia (out) out : it occurs in eastern central Greece.
Hungarian soldanelle ( Soldanella hungarica Simonk. ): It occurs only in the southern Carpathian Mountains in Romania and is absent in Hungary.
Soldanella major (Neilr.) Vierh. (Syn .: Soldanella alpina var. Major Neilr. , Soldanella hungarica Simonk. Subsp. Major (Neilr.) Pawowska , Soldanella stiriaca F.K. Meyer ): It occurs in the Eastern Alps in Austria and the southwestern Carpathians in Romania.
Soldanella marmarossiensis Klášt. (Syn .: Soldanella montana Willd. Var. Repanda Grint. ): It occurs in the eastern Carpathians and in the Tatra Mountains in Poland, Slovakia, Romania and the Ukraine. Niederle (2004) assigns the name Soldanella haretii G. Grint tothis taxon.
SOLDANELLA minima Hoppe (Syn .: SOLDANELLA alpina . Var minima (Hoppe) Fiori , SOLDANELLA alpina var. Rotundifolia Seringe ), with the sub-types:
- Austrian Soldanelle ( Soldanella minima subsp. Austriaca (Vierh.) Lüdi , Syn .: Soldanella austriaca Vierh. ): It occurs in the north-eastern Alps in Austria and Bavaria.
- Smallest Soldanelle ( Soldanella minima subsp. Minima , Syn .: Soldanella minima f. Cyclophylla (Beck) Vierh. , Soldanella minima f. Biflora R.Schulz , Soldanella minima f. Coerulea R.Schulz , Soldanella minima f. Longistyla R.Schulz , Soldanella minima f. Latifolia Cristofolini & Pignatti ): It occurs in the western and southern Alps.
- Soldanella minima subsp. samnitica Cristofolini & Pignatti : The corolla tube is narrower and only divided to about a fifth of the length of the petals than with subsp. minimum . It is endemic to Abruzzo ( Majella National Park ).
Forest Soldanelle ( Soldanella montana Willd. ): It occurs in the northeastern Alps and northwards to the Czech Republic and the eastern Bavarian Forest.
Soldanella oreodoxa L.B.Zhang : It occurs only in central Transylvania in Romania.
Soldanella pindicola Hausskn. (Syn .: Soldanella montana Willd. Var. Pindicola (Hausskn.) Grint. ): It occurs in northwest Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia.
Dwarf Soldanelle ( Soldanella pusilla Baumg. ), With the subspecies:
- Soldanella pusilla subsp. pusilla (Syn .: Soldanella pusilla var. biflora Borbás , Soldanella pusilla f. obliqua Györffy , Soldanella pirinica F.K.Meyer , Soldanella pusilla subsp. pirinica (FKMeyer) J.Chrtek ): It occurs only in the southern Carpathians of Romania and in the Rila and Pirin Mountains of Bulgaria.
- Soldanella pusilla subsp. alpicola (FKMeyer) J.Chrtek (syn .: Soldanella alpicola F.K.Meyer , S. alpina var. minor Seringe , Soldanella alpina var. cylindrica Seringe , Soldanella alpina var. uniflora Steinberger , Soldanella pusilla var. parviflora Freyn , Soldanella pusilla var. chrysosplenifolia J. Murr , Soldanella pusilla f. Calcicola Vierh. , Soldanella pusilla f. Diversifolia Zenari , Soldanella pusilla var. Carestiae Cristofolini & Pignatti ): It occurs in the Alps and in the northern Apennines.
Soldanella rhodopaea F.K.Meyer : It occurs on the Bulgarian and Greek side of the Rhodope Mountains.
Soldanella rugosa L.B.Zhang : It occurs only in the eastern Carpathian Mountains of Romania. Niederle (2004) assigns the name Soldanella marmarossiensis tothis species.
Shaggy Soldanelle ( Soldanella villosa Darracq , Syn .: Soldanella montana Willd. Var. Villosa (Darracq) Grint. , Soldanella montana Willd. Subsp. Villosa (Darracq) Lüdi ): It is native to the western Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains.

literature

Li-Bing Zhang, Hans Peter Comes, Joachim W. Kadereit : Phylogeny and quaternary history of the European montane / alpine endemic Soldanella (Primulaceae) based on ITS and AFLP variation. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 88, No. 12, 2001, pp. 2331-2345 (online). (Sections systematics, ecology and description)
Li-Bing Zhang, Joachim W. Kadereit: The systematics of Soldanella L. (Primulaceae) based on morphological and molecular (ITS, AFLPs) evidence. In Nordic Journal Botany. Volume 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 129-169, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2002.tb01360.x ( PDF file at ResearchGate).
Li-Bing Zhang, Joachim W. Kadereit: Nomenclature of Soldanella L. (Primulaceae). In: Taxon. Volume 53, No. 3, 2004, pp. 741-752 (section systematics)
Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 , p. 670-671 .
Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 , p. 182 .
Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 448 .
S. Pawlowska: Soldanella L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 23-24 (English).
Soldanella. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved February 7, 2015 .

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 144 ( digitized version ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Thomas Raus: Soldanella chrysosticta. In: Werner Greuter, Thomas Raus (eds.): Med-Checklist Notulae, 24. In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, No. 2, 2006, p. 713, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.36.36207 .
^ ^A ^b Josef Niederle: Soldanella rugosa is synonymous with real S. marmarossiensis. In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 24, No. 5, 2004, pp. 547-548, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2004.tb01638.x .

Web links

Commons : Alpenglöckchen ( Soldanella ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[SpPl-1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 144 ( digitized version ).

[Raus2006-2] Thomas Raus: Soldanella chrysosticta. In: Werner Greuter, Thomas Raus (eds.): Med-Checklist Notulae, 24. In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, No. 2, 2006, p. 713, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.36.36207 .

[Niederle2004-3] A ^b Josef Niederle: Soldanella rugosa is synonymous with real S. marmarossiensis. In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 24, No. 5, 2004, pp. 547-548, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2004.tb01638.x .