Pharmacy in Hessen-Darmstadt

The history of pharmacy in Hessen-Darmstadt is part of the pharmaceutical history of Germany, based on the Grand Duchy of Hessen and the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt .

General

The Holy Roman Empire consisted of a multitude of sovereign territories. The pharmacy sector developed accordingly in small parts. A large number of medical or pharmacist regulations and price regulations were created, each of which only applied to individual territories.

history

The first pharmacy in Hessen-Darmstadt

In the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt, the first documented bill for medicines can be found in the camera files from 1569. A pharmacist by the name of Judith managed a small house pharmacy at the landgrave's court for an annual salary of 5 guilders and free board and lodging and bought medicines from Frankfurt pharmacies, especially the "Gulden deer" and the "White Swan".

On May 1, 1574, the pharmacist Johann Kohl took up his duties as a civil servant pharmacist with an annual salary of 20 guilders. After his death on July 7th, 1584, female pharmacists were again named in documents for a few years: in 1584 the pharmacist "Mergen", in 1587 "Marie Stadin" and from 1587 "Margarethe Denerin". Jacob Zösch was a pharmacist by 1589 at the latest. The salary of the princely pharmacist Zösch was 24 guilders a year in 1598. At the same time, pharmacists were still working until 1617 according to the camera bills. After Jacob Zösch's death in 1612, his son Georg took over the pharmacy, which was also to receive 24 guilders a year. From 1624 Georg Zösch had rented rooms in the town hall and also worked as a city pharmacist. In 1629 a second pharmacist appeared with Johann Peter Renner. While Renner was referred to as a court pharmacist, Zösch remained a city pharmacist. Regardless of the name, the activity at court was only a sideline, as the low salary shows.

The long line of Darmstadt court pharmacists can be restored fairly completely from the camera files and the records in the church registers. The first of these court pharmacist directors, Johann Kohl (died 1584), as well as his two immediate successors Johann and Georg Zoesch, can be found in the files and church registers as "court pharmacists", sometimes as "pharmacists in the city" or "city pharmacists ", sometimes even referred to as" Hof- und Stadt-Apotheker ". It can therefore be considered without a doubt that even Johann Kohl, who may not have fully satisfied his salary and sphere of activity in court service, opened up and richer for himself through the establishment of the first public pharmacy (city pharmacy) in Darmstadt, today's Einhorn-Apotheke Secured income. The city pharmacy was now managed by him for his own account, the castle pharmacy for the account of the landgrave or the landgrave's court.

The same process was repeated several decades later, when the court pharmacist Joh. Samuel Böckler launched the second Darmstadt city pharmacy, now the Engel pharmacy , in 1654 without giving up the management of the court pharmacy; for Böckler was also expressly mentioned in 1659 in his capacity as court pharmacist.

For the development of pharmacists in Hessen-Darmstadt, the landgrave doctor Joachim Strupp is essential, in whose writings the role of the pharmacist is described.

Medical regulations from 1639

Philip the Magnanimous had issued a pharmacy regulation on March 9, 1564, which continued to apply in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt after his death. The Reich Police Regulations of 1548 and 1577 also contained regulations on pharmacists .

In 1639 there were two pharmacies in Darmstadt and three in Gießen in the entire Landgraviate (including the court pharmacies). At the end of 1639 the Landgrave issued a medical ordinance in which, among other things, the regulations for pharmacies were summarized. There are no more copies available, so that no statements can be made about specific regulations.

Medical regulations from 1669

On November 3, 1669, the Landgrave issued the first still-preserved medical ordinance "for the preservation of noble human health / as which is the greatest treasure under earthly goods". The second section of the medical regulations deals with the pharmacy sector. It did not contain a ban on dispensing doctors and was rather backward in this regard for its time. The other regulations corresponded to other contemporary medical regulations: pharmacists should be sworn in, pharmacists had to take an examination at Leibmedicus in Darmstadt or the dean of the medical faculty of the University of Giessen, and the pharmacies should be revised once a year. Pharmacists were only allowed to implement prescriptions from licensed doctors (i.e. not “Empyrico and Winkel doctor / pharmacists / barbers / bathers / snipers or other stimulators”) without being entitled to the quid pro quo . Simplicia should be collected at the right time and kept in a dry place, clean and clean. The prices for drugs should be based on the Frankfurt tax . In return, shopkeepers and traders were banned from dealing in pharmacy-only substances.

Further development

In order to raise the possibility of improving the medical order, the Landgrave had the order through the Darmstadt Leibmedici Dr. Johann Eberhard Schleiermacher, Dr. Johann Christoph Herdt and Dr. Albert Christoph Geilfuß examine. Their statement of October 27, 1699 did not contain any suggestions for changes, but the complaint that the order was simply not being followed. On November 26, 1713, the dean of the medical faculty of the University of Giessen, Justus Friedericus Dillenius, was commissioned to compile an inventory list of the Simplicia and Composita to be kept by the pharmacies. In 1727 a new medical ordinance was issued, which, however, largely coincided with that of 1669. In particular, the doctors' right to dispense, which still existed, led to an intensive trade in secret drugs and a flourishing of the botch-up. The reason for this regulation was the continued very low supply of pharmacies in the Landgraviate. In 1727 there were only three pharmacies in the entire Starkenburg province, namely three in Darmstadt, one in Groß-Gerau and one in Groß-Umstadt. In the further course of the 18th century, a number of individual regulations were issued against the botch and the supply of medicines to the poor, but the medical order itself remained in place. In 1801 the landgrave made it compulsory to keep an official pharmacopoeia.

Regulations in the Grand Duchy of Hesse

With the decree of December 7, 1805, the oath formula for pharmacists, provisional agents and journeymen was renewed. The formula describes the most important duties of the pharmacist in 15 points. In 1805 a Hessian tax for medicines for the landgrave's military was approved for the first time, in 1811 the “Grand Ducal Hessian Arzney Tax, together with instructions for the pharmacists of the Principality of Starkenburg”. The regulations for pharmacies were described in 34 paragraphs of these pharmacy operating regulations. A comprehensive medical regulation was issued in 1822, and a new drug tax was enacted on May 12, 1832. After various individual regulations, a new medical ordinance was issued in 1861, which was expanded in 1897 in the "Ordinance on the establishment and operation of pharmacies in the Grand Duchy".

The legal status of the pharmacist

As a rule, the Hessian landgraves granted the license to operate a pharmacy as a hereditary personal license . After the acquisition of the new territories after the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803, the pharmacists received confirmation of their existing rights from the new sovereign. In the Grand Duchy, for example, there were real and personal concessions with various mixed forms. In some cases (as in Seligenstadt) the concession also included exclusive rights.

As in other countries, the question of freedom of establishment for pharmacists was discussed in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Article 29 of the Hessian law on the equal taxation of trade in the Grand Duchy of Hesse stipulated that no new real concessions could be granted. But it was only after the March Revolution that the law of July 30, 1848 repealed the existing exclusive concessions. The question of the heritability and saleability of pharmacy licenses was discussed intensively. A tender by the Grand Ducal Ministry of the Interior of March 29, 1851 regulated that the rights of the real concessionaires remain unchanged, the existing personal concessions in principle end with the death of the pharmacist. Exceptions were inheritance to sons who had acquired the qualification of a pharmacist up to the age of 25 (or daughters who married such a pharmacist up to the age of 25) and the widow who could have the pharmacy managed by a provisional until the children were 25 are old. If the widow married a pharmacist, he could run the pharmacy as a provisional until the widow's death. It should be impossible to sell the pharmacy license for future licenses. In the case of existing licenses, it was possible to sell if the pharmacist himself had not received the license free of charge. With a tender from the Grand Ducal Ministry of the Interior dated May 21, 1860, this regulation was also extended to their legal successors. The result was a small number of freely tradable pharmacy licenses, which were usually traded for prices of 6 to 7 gross annual sales. These were substantial amounts. In 1902 the pharmacy in Groß-Gerau was sold for 300,000 gold marks. The few licenses that reverted to the state were reassigned to those pharmacists in the Grand Duchy who had the greatest qualifications and the longest waiting time.

The community pharmacy

The existing system of pharmacy licensing meant that only very wealthy pharmacists or pharmacists of an old age (as a rule, the free licenses were given to pharmacists between the ages of 50 and 60) could acquire licenses. Pharmacies continued to exist almost exclusively in cities. In contrast to the pharmacy system in Nassau , for example , the rural population in Hessen-Darmstadt was poorly supplied with medication. With the announcement of the Grand Ducal Ministry of the Interior and Justice on May 15, 1885, the community pharmacy was introduced as a new type of license. In the ministry, pharmacy officer was senior medical officer Dr. Uloth was the main initiator of this regulation.

With this model, municipalities or districts could obtain a license to operate a pharmacy. The pharmacies set up by the local authorities were then leased to a trained pharmacist. This enabled pharmacists with little capital to lease pharmacies. In return, leases (determined by the municipality) had to be paid, which in cities usually accounted for 8 to 12% of sales. Lower rents were charged in rural areas, but rents were usually set so high that community pharmacists were worse off than those with personal concessions. An important component here was the old-age and widow's pension, which was automatically resolved in the system of personal concessions, while the community pharmacists had to save their own pension.

No community pharmacy was licensed under Uloth. Only his successor, Krausser (1894–1903) converted three branch pharmacies into community pharmacies and licensed four new ones. His successor, Georg Heyl (1903–1931), no longer issued any personal concessions, but only used the community pharmacy.

Chamber of Pharmacists

With an order of December 28, 1876, it was regulated "In each province ... pharmacy owners and pharmacy administrators living in the province can form a provincial pharmaceutical association." The tasks of these associations were expanded by an ordinance of December 5, 1903. With the law of April 24, 1923, a Chamber of Pharmacists was established.

The oldest pharmacies

The following list shows the oldest pharmacies in the Landgraviate or the Grand Duchy. The founding years represent the year of the first documentary mention. Especially with the older pharmacies this is usually not the granting of a pharmacy privilege, but documentary mentions from which the Existence of a pharmacy can be deduced.

image	place	Surname	Reign before 1803	founding	annotation
0	Darmstadt	Farm pharmacy (later Löwen pharmacy)	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1569	The Löwen pharmacy in Darmstadt today was founded in 1975 and has no connection with the old Hof pharmacy	0
	Darmstadt	Einhorn-Apotheke , first public "city pharmacy" in Darmstadt	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1570	The city pharmacy was later renamed Einhorn-Apotheke to differentiate it from the 2nd city pharmacy, today's Engel pharmacy	0
	Darmstadt	Angel pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1654	One of the owners was Friedrich Jacob Merck
0	Darmstadt	Deer Pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1730	The Hirsch pharmacy was closed in 2007
0	Darmstadt	Adler pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1844	0
0	Darmstadt	Fuchs' pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1881	0
0	Qualifications	Bessunger pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1872	0
0	Gross-Gerau	Town hall pharmacy (Groß-Gerau)	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1701	0
0	Kürnbach	Kürnbacher Pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1733	0
0	Zwingenberg	Zwingenberger pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1782	0
0	Reinheim	Angel pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt	1786	One of the owners was Julius Scriba
0	Gernsheim	Sankt Hildegardis pharmacy	Kurmainz	around 1700	0
0	Bensheim	Pharmacy at the market	Kurmainz	1563	0
0	The castle	Pharmacy in the old town of Dieburg	Kurmainz	1680	0
0	Seligenstadt	City pharmacy	Kurmainz	1747	0
0	Michelstadt	Council pharmacy	Erbach-Fürstenau	1551	0
0	Erbach	Farm pharmacy	Erbach-Erbach	1777	0
0	Neustadt (from 1833 König and from 1854 Höchst )	Pharmacy in Neustadt	Reign of Breuberg	1602	0
0	Offenbach	Schwanen Pharmacy (Offenbach am Main)	Isenburg County	1718	0
0	to water	University pharmacy	Landgraviate of Hesse	1607	0
	Lich	Court pharmacy Lich	County of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich	1707	0

When the University of Giessen opened in 1607, a university pharmacy was also set up. The first university pharmacist Erasmus Muratius held this office until his death on April 23, 1640, before the pharmacy was passed on to his son Philipp. The pharmacy was closed in 1643. From 1632 a second pharmacy of pharmacist Hans Heinrich Dietwein is documented in Gießen. In 1636 this was taken over by Johann Welcke. At least during the time that the landgrave's court was staying in Gießen, there was also a court pharmacy in Gießen.

literature

• Ute Rausch: The medical and pharmacy system of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt and the Grand Duchy of Hesse with special consideration of the Province of Starkenburg, Diss., 1978

supporting documents

1. ^ Hess, Fritz (1908). Guide for the 37th Annual General Meeting of the German Pharmacists' Association in Darmstadt. Issued by the local committee. Darmstadt: LC Wittich'sche Hofbuchdruckerei. p. XXI.
2. ^ Hess, Fritz (1908). Guide for the 37th Annual General Meeting of the German Pharmacists' Association in Darmstadt. Issued by the local committee. Darmstadt: LC Wittich'sche Hofbuchdruckerei. p. XXI.
3. ↑ Reg.Bl. P. 665
4. ↑ RegBl. P. 373
5. ↑ GS p. 123
6. Jump up ↑ Jochen Taupitz: The class regulations of the liberal professions: historical development, functions, position in the legal system, 2nd edition, 2012, ISBN 9783110907452 , p. 339 ff., Digitized
7. ^ Hess, Fritz (1908). Guide for the 37th Annual General Meeting of the German Pharmacists' Association in Darmstadt. Issued by the local committee. Darmstadt: LC Wittich'sche Hofbuchdruckerei. p. XX.
8. ↑ Ramdohr, Paul (1910). History of Darmstadt pharmacies. Darmstadt: LC Wittich'sche Hofbuchdruckerei. p. 39.
9. ↑ Gutmann, Prof. Dr. S. (1967). German unicorn pharmacies 1st part. Publisher W. Spitzner Ettlingen / Baden. p. 26th
10. ↑ B. von Eberstein: Engel-Apotheke In: Stadtlexikon Darmstadt after Emanuel August Merck (Ed.): History of the Merck'schen Engelapotheke zu Darmstadt. Darmstadt 1905; 300 years of Engel-Apotheke 1654-1954. Darmstadt, 1954