Argynnis

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Argynnis
Fiery mother-of-pearl butterfly (Argynnis adippe), ♀

Fiery mother-of-pearl butterfly ( Argynnis adippe ), ♀

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Noble butterfly (Nymphalidae)
Subfamily : Passion flower butterfly (Heliconiinae)
Tribe : Mother-of-Pearl Butterfly (Argynnini)
Genre : Argynnis
Scientific name
Argynnis
Fabricius , 1807
Wing underside of the imperial cloak
Large mother-of-pearl butterfly ♀
Indo-Australian mother-of-pearl caterpillar

Argynnis is a genus of Edelfalter (day butterflies ), which belongs to the order of butterflies .

features

The wings of the genus Argynnis are serrated, the wing color of most species is orange to rust red on top and provided with dark veins. More or less clearly visible black scented scent stripes run along some of these veins . Black spots of various shapes extend in between. This pattern can be used to differentiate the species. The underside of the wings shows mother-of-pearl-colored spots, which originally gave the entire genus the name mother-of-pearl butterfly . In the meantime, the group has been split up into several genera, so that the Argynnini tribe, with currently six genera, is known as mother-of-pearl butterflies. Some species have silvery-white stripes underneath, which can also be used to differentiate between species. As far as the wing markings are concerned, there is a recognizable sexual dimorphism in all species .

The two buttons that belong to the mouthparts are tripartite. The second button link is widened at the front, somewhat compressed and hairy, the third link is pointed. The feelers end in a button.

Eggs, caterpillars and pupae

The eggs are tapered and ribbed. The caterpillars , like those of most noble butterflies, have two longer thorns on their necks, behind which are six rows of branched thorns. There is a wide stripe on the back, which is usually divided by a darker line. There are usually also stripes or spots on the side of each ring. The dolls are tumble dolls , i.e. i.e., they hang down. They are covered with golden yellow thorns or gold spots.

Occurrence

The genus Argynnis is divided into the Eurasian subgenus and the representatives of the subgenus Speyeria , which are exclusively native to North America . The former are widespread throughout Europe and Asia as well as in North Africa and Australia , the latter only in the USA and Canada .

The Eurasian species are typical forest butterflies, but they also occur in landscapes and gardens near forests.

Way of life

In warm regions of Europe and Asia, the caterpillars hatch from the eggs in March. The moths can be found as early as June. In colder years or in correspondingly less warm areas, the moths only fly in July. The species overwinter only in the egg. There is only one generation per year.

The caterpillars mainly use violet species as forage plants , including the wild pansy , dog violet and fragrant violet .

Systematics and taxonomy

The genus Argynnis was described by Johann Christian Fabricius in his 1807 work Systema Glossatorum . In the 6th volume of Karl Illiger's magazine for entomology , the then new genres were presented in German even before the publication of Fabricius' work. The type species of the genus is the imperial coat ( Argynnis paphia ) described by Fabricius' teacher Carl von Linné in 1758 as Papilio paphia . Within the tribe Argynnini (mother-of-pearl butterfly), to which six to seven genera count, Argynnis is most closely related to the genus Brenthis .

List of species

About 39 different species of the genus are currently known, which are listed here alphabetically under their Latin names. Behind it is the German name, if one is available.

Subgenus Speyeria

The genus Speyeria was synonymous and now forms a subgenus within the genus Argynnis . These species are native to North America.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Argynnis Fabricius, 1807 in Biolib
  2. ^ A b Karl Illiger: The latest genus division of butterflies from the Linneian genera Papilio and Sphinx . Magazine for Entomology, Volume 6, pp. 277–295, Braunschweig 1807, p. 283 ( facsimile )
  3. ↑ Keyword: mother-of-pearl butterfly . In: Pierer's Universal-Lexikon , Volume 12, p. 836, Altenburg 1861
  4. ^ A b Argynnis Fabricius, 1807 in Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms
  5. ↑ Thomas Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg and Andrew VZ Brower: Argynnini at Tree of Life web project, version v. March 20, 2011 (accessed June 15, 2012)

literature

  • D. Carter: Sommerfugler fra hele verden. Teknologisk Forlag, 1994 ISBN 82-512-0438-0
  • CU Eliasson, N. Ryrholm, M. Holmer, K. Jilg & U. Gärdenfors: Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora and fauna . Fjärilar: Dagfjärilar. Hesperiidae - Nymphalidae. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala 2005 ISBN 91-88506-51-7
  • Leif Aarvik, Kai Berggren, Lars Ove Hansen: Norges Sommerfugler. Catalogus Lepidopterorum Norwegiae. Norsk entomologisk forening, Naturhistorisk Museum, Oslo 2009 ISBN 82-995095-1-3
  • Leif Aarvik, Lars Ove Hansen, Vladimir Kononenko: Norges Sommerfugler. Handbook over Norges dagsommerfugler and nattsvermere. Norsk entomologisk forening, Naturhistorisk Museum, Oslo 2009 ISBN 978-82-996923-2-8
  • Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Andrew VZ Brower & Rienk de Jong: Morphology, molecules and fritillaries: approaching a stable phylogeny for Argynnini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 37, 4, pp. 405-418, Copenhagen, December, 2006.

Web links

Commons : Argynnis  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Argynnis paphia (imperial coat) on schmetterling-raupe.de (German)
  • Thomas Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, and Andrew VZ Brower: Argynnini at Tree of Life web project, version v. March 20, 2011 (accessed June 15, 2012)
  • Argynnis paphia Swedish butterflies, with picture gallery on www2.nrm.se (Swedish)
  • Norway's butterflies on nhm.uio.no (Norwegian)
  • Argynnis Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Wanted list with butterfly species - Argynnis, Hentet January 3, 2012 on nic.funet.fi (English and Finnish)
  • Argynnis on zooex.baikal.ru (Russian)