Badischer Kulturkampf
The Baden Kulturkampf was a dispute between the Catholic Church and the Grand Duchy of Baden . It began in the 1850s, peaked around 1864, and gradually expired from 1876.
First phase of the conflict
In a memorandum in 1851, the bishops of the Upper Rhine ecclesiastical province made their claim to greater independence clear. The state governments replied in spring 1853. From the point of view of the Roman Catholic Church, these were insufficient. Hermann von Vicari , Archbishop of Freiburg then declared that the bishops would exercise the rights they claimed in the future regardless of possible state contradictions. The state right to confirmation when filling church posts was no longer recognized. At the same time, the clergy no longer wanted to be trained at universities, but in their own church institutions. The archbishop also claimed independence from state influences in the administration of ecclesiastical property. After the Catholic Church began to implement these announcements, the Baden state reacted to this breach of law with countermeasures. Thereupon von Vicari proceeded with the means available to the church. High officials were banned from church and these decisions were read from the pulpits. When the state of Vicari placed house arrest, the rural population reacted with resentment. The events also received a lot of attention from the German public.
After the conflict threatened to escalate, Grand Duke Friedrich I left with Pope Pius IX. probe for clarification. The dispute also had political consequences, as Austria sided with the Curia while Prussia supported Baden. In the summer of 1854 a so-called interim between Baden and the curia was concluded. Considerable concessions were made to the church in this, which were expanded again in 1859 by a convention with Rome.
New escalation
The largely liberal second chamber of Baden refused to approve the convention. As a result, the Grand Duke was forced to dismiss the previous conservative Stengel-Meysenbug state ministry and replace it with the liberal Stabel government . In the following period, the contents of the convention were largely implemented in the normal way of legislation, with which Vicari was initially satisfied. When the liberal government presented the School Supervision Act of July 29, 1864, which weakened the position of the Catholic Church, the Archbishop went on a course of confrontation again ("Badischer Schulstreit").
In 1867 the state responded by imposing a special cultural exam on the theologians of both churches. You should be proficient in both ancient languages and know about Baden state church law, world history, the history of philosophy and the history of literature. Vicari forbade taking the cultural exam. The conflict was exacerbated when a new school law allowed the optional community school .
In the law of March 8, 1868, the denominational character of the elementary school was retained, but the municipalities were given the right to insert denominationally mixed schools.
The opposition was also sparked by the question of how far the government's right to delete it from presentation lists went and by the catechism question.
After the death of Karl Mathy († February 4, 1868), who had been appointed President of the State Ministry in 1866, Julius Jolly was appointed Minister of State to reorganize the cabinet.
Very soon afterwards there were disputes over the successor to the Archbishop of Vicari († April 14, 1868). Bishop Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler von Mainz was to be elected as his successor, the Baden government rejected this and was only prevented from doing so by the intervention of Harry Karl Kurt Eduard Graf von Arnim-Suckow , the Prussian envoy to the Holy See , in contrast to the Pope's wishes to set up a separate archbishop. The Count's intervention is due to the fact that Prussia was involved in the archdiocese through the Hohenzollern family.
The conflict in Baden came to an end in 1876 a little earlier than in Prussia.
literature
- Hans Ammerich , Johannes Gut (Ed.): Between "State Institution" and Self-Determination. Church and state in southwest Germany from the end of the Old Reich to 1870. (Upper Rhine Studies, Volume 17, published by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Geschichtliche Landeskunde am Oberrhein eV). Sigmaringen 2000, ISBN 978-3-7995-7817-2 .
- Josef Becker : Liberal State and Church in the Era of the Founding of an Empire and the Kulturkampf: History and Structures of their Relationship in Baden 1860–1876. Matthias Grünewald Verlag, Mainz 1973.
- Karl-Heinz Braun : Church in the liberal citizen state. The archbishopric from the middle of the 19th century to the end of the monarchy in 1918. In: Heribert Smolinsky (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Erzdiözese Freiburg. Volume 1: From the foundation to 1918. Herder, Freiburg 2008, pp. 121–210 ( online ).
- Hans Fenske : German history. From the end of the Middle Ages to today . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2002 (p. 135f., P. 139f., P. 153).
- Lothar Gall : Liberalism as the ruling party. The Grand Duchy of Baden between restoration and founding of the law (= publications of the Institute for European History Mainz Volume 47). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968.
- Lothar Gall: The party and social-historical problems of the Badischer Kulturkampf. In: Alfons Schäfer (Ed.): Oberrheinische Studien. Volume II. New research on basic problems of Baden history in the 19th and 20th centuries. Kommissionsverlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1973, pp. 93-132.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Trials of strength and conflicts [[State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg]]
- ↑ a b c d e Albert Teichmann : Jolly, Julius . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 50, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1905, pp. 690-701.