Balgarski makedono-odrinski rewoljuzionni komiteti
The Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrian Opeler Revolutionary Committee ( Bulgarian Български македоно-одрински революционни комитети , Balgarski makedono-odrinski rewoljuzionni komiteti , БМОРК , BMORK ) were one operating in the underground organization of Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire . The first committee was founded on October 23, 1893 in Thessaloniki , which at that time was still Ottoman , based on the model of the Inner Revolutionary Organization .
The aim of the committees was to mobilize the Bulgarian population in Macedonia and Thrace, who were dissatisfied with Ottoman rule, to an uprising and to unite these areas with Bulgaria, which was liberated in 1878 . Later, the strategy was changed to the effect that in the first step they sought autonomy and in the second step the connection to Bulgaria based on the model of Eastern Rumelia .
The organization named in the course of its existence more occasions: in 1902 she was called Secret Macedonian-Adrian Opeler Revolutionary Organization ( Bulgarian Тайна македоно-одринска революционна организация , Tayna makedono-odrinska rewoljuzionna organisazija , TMORO), 1905 Internal Macedonian-Adrian Opeler Revolutionary Organization ( Bulgarian Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация , Watreschnata makedono-odrinska rewoljuzionna organisazija , WMORO). After the end of World War I, it merged with the Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and the Inner Thracian Revolutionary Organization .
history
Beginnings
The Inner Revolutionary Organization of Wassil Lewski served as a model . Founding members were Christo Tatartschew and Dame Gruew , who later took over the leadership, as well as Petar Poparsow , Anton Dimitrov , Christo Batandschiew and Ivan Chadschinikolow . Its members and those of the successor organizations were based on the Turkish word Komita (for Committee ) comitadji called or Komiti.
Its best known chairman was Goze Deltschew . Initially, the organization was designed as a purely Bulgarian organization. In 1902 it was renamed Secret Macedonian-Adrinanopel Organization (largely under the influence of Deltschew). The aim was to enable the non-Bulgarian ethnic groups in Macedonia to participate in the organization, but this could not be achieved. They also wanted to avoid inconvenience to Bulgaria in the event of an uprising in Ottoman-occupied Macedonia.
Ilinden Preobraschenie uprising
After the establishment of the BMORK, the military actions against the Ottoman-Turkish military presence on the Balkan Peninsula increased. These included bomb attacks to which the Ottoman Empire reacted with bloody retribution - for example on February 13, 1903, when the population in Thrace and Macedonia was massacred . In April 1903, in revenge, the Thessaloniki attacks on the Imperial Ottoman Bank building , on the French freighter Guadalkivi and on the city's electricity network. Thereupon the organization, now called TMORO, decided in early August 1903 to venture a large-scale uprising in the hope of being supported by foreign, especially Russian, intervention. The Russo-Turkish war of 1877/1878 had already been triggered by uprisings in Bulgaria .
The many years of revolutionary activity culminated in the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising , which broke out in July and August 1903. Although larger areas were liberated from the insurgents (see Strandscha Republic and Kruševo Republic ) , the uprising was brutally suppressed in view of the Ottoman military superiority. On September 2nd, the Hungarian ship Vaskapu burned down when entering Burgas after a failed bomb attack by TMORO. The aim of the TMORO was not to detonate the steamer that went from Varna via Burgas to Constantinople until it entered the Ottoman capital.
Young Turkish Revolution, Balkan War and First World War
After the successful Constitutional Revolution of the Young Turks, through which the Ottoman constitution came into force again after thirty years of factual ineffectiveness and political parties could form in the empire, members of the WMORO formed two competing parties (the Union of Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs in Macedonia and the People's Federal Party ( Bulgarian section) ) who participated in the elections for the Ottoman House of Representatives .
Many of the WMORO fighters took part as volunteers in the Macedonian-Adrianople Landwehr on the Bulgarian side in the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. In Eastern Thrace they were able to take Rodosto , Tekirdağ , Corlu and the Marmara Island , among others . In the Second Balkan War they took part in fighting in Macedonia against the Serbian army . When, after the Second Balkan War, a large part of Macedonia came under Serbian rule, WMORO, together with Albanian forces, organized the Ohrid Debar uprising in September 1913 , which was directed against Serbian rule.
During the First World War from 1914 to 1918, members of WMORO took over the administration of the areas of Serbia and Greece occupied by the Bulgarian army in many places . After the end of the war, WMORO split. Their organizational structures in Macedonia functioned from 1919 under the name Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO for short, or VMRO). The structures operating in Thrace were called the Inner Thracian Revolutionary Organization . Parts of the WMORO joined the Inner Dobrujani Revolutionary Organization , which operated in Dobruja .
Congresses
- Congresses of the entire organization
| I. | Resen Congress | 1894 |
| II. | Thessaloniki Congress | 1896 |
| III. | Thessaloniki Congress | 1903 |
| IV. | Rila Congress | 1905 |
| V. | Kyustendil Congress | 1908 |
| VI. | Sarbinowo Congress | 1925 |
| VII. | Krupnik Congress | 1928 |
| VIII. | Troskovo Congress | 1932 |
- Local committee congresses
| Plovdiv Congress | 1902 |
| Smilewo Congress | 1903 |
| Petrowa Niwa Congress | 1903 |
| Serres Congress | 1903 |
| Prilep Congress | 1904 |
| Kneschewo Congress | 1905 |
| Skopje Congress | 1906 |
literature
- Fikret Adanır: The Macedonian Question: Its Origin and Development up to 1908 (= Frankfurt historical treatises , volume 20), Steiner, Wiesbaden 1979, ISBN 3-515-02914-1 (Dissertation University of Frankfurt am Main, Faculty 08 - History Science, 1977, 283 pages).
- Björn Opfer: In the shadow of war. Crew or connection. Liberation or Oppression? A comparative study of the Bulgarian rule in Vardar Macedonia 1915–1918 and 1941–1944 (= Studies on the History, Culture and Society of Southeastern Europe , Volume 3). Lit, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7997-6 (Dissertation University of Leipzig 2004, 373 pages).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fikret Adanır: The Macedonian Question. Its origin and development until 1908. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1979, p. 112.
- ↑ Ivan Karajotow, Stojan Rajtschewski, Mitko Iwanow: История на Бургас. От древността до средата на ХХ век (about German history of the city of Burgas. From antiquity to the middle of the 20th century ), Verlag Tafprint OOD, Plovdiv, 2011, ISBN 978-954-92689-1-1 , p. 190-201
- ^ The Montreal Gazette: Ship blown up on Black Sea. The austrian Streamship Vaskapu Met Whit Disaster. September 3, 1903, accessed November 3, 2011 .
- ↑ Björn Opfer: In the shadow of the war , p. 27
- ↑ incomplete
- ↑ Table of Contents