Spell forest
The term “ Bannwald ” generally means a piece of forest worth preserving as a whole - or a special form of it.
General
In German-speaking countries, the term Bannwald generally denotes a forest stand or area:
- Protective forest , to protect against avalanches, rockslides , debris flows or floods .
- Forest protection area , protected forest areas for the sake of nature and environmental protection .
- Recreational forest , sometimes also as a recreational area .
Depending on the forest law, there are overlaps and differences between the terms protected forest , protection forest and recreational forest .
The forestry use is still allowed and even expressly desired in the case of protective forests (except in Baden-Württemberg). However, it is prohibited in core zones of nature reserves . The prohibited forest area (temporarily closed forest), or the limited hunting area or game reserve (during the hunting season or times such as rutting and rearing areas, areas closed to access) is not a protected forest .
history
The term ban comes from the Middle Ages . Bannwald stood for a forest area in which the right of use (forest ban ) was reserved for the sovereign. Initially this only applied to hunting ( hunting ban ) and fishing , later also to the rest of the use of the forest ( wild forest ) . In the mountain valleys of Switzerland, the Bannwald was intended to protect against avalanches but also to secure wood for the construction of torrents. Ban letters from the 14th century mention avalanche protection, protection against falling rocks and bank protection. The conception of the Bannwald plays an essential role in the novel Die Martinsklause by Ludwig Ganghofer , in which a tyrannical administrator in Berchtesgaden presumes legal claims.
National
Germany
In the Federal Forest Act as a framework law, “Section 12 Protective Forest ” and “Section 13 Recreational Forest ” are defined in place of Bannwald. The state forest laws regulate more details.
Baden-Württemberg
In Baden-Württemberg, forest reserves are total reserves in which any use is prohibited by ordinance. In other federal states of Germany, the total reserves are known as natural forest reserve , natural forest parcel , natural forest cell or natural forest . Forests are used for scientific research into natural processes in forests. Due to their wealth of structure and dead wood, ban forests are retreats for many endangered animal, plant and fungus species.
In § 32, forest protection areas of the State Forest Act Baden-Württemberg it says:
- (1) With the consent of the forest owner, forest can be declared a forest protection area (Bannwald or Schonwald ) by ordinance of the higher forest authority if it is necessary to ensure the undisturbed natural development of a forest community with its animal and plant species or to maintain or renew a specific forest community with its Animal and plant species or a certain population structure appears advisable to refrain from or to carry out forest measures. The purpose of protection is to be specified in the ordinance. Insofar as the ordinance contains provisions on species protection, these must be coordinated with the higher nature conservation authority.
- (2) Bannwald is a forest reserve left to itself. Maintenance measures are not allowed; Accumulated wood must not be removed. The forest authority can authorize or order control measures if forest pests or natural events pose a significant risk to neighboring forests. The creation of footpaths is permitted.
- (3) Already forest is a forest reserve in which a certain forest community with its animal and plant species, a certain stand structure or a certain forest biotope is to be maintained, developed or renewed. The forest authority determines maintenance measures with the consent of the forest owner.
- (4) Adjacent forest must be managed in such a way that protected forest areas are not impaired.
- (5) In the ordinance according to paragraph 1 can
- Forest care measures are prescribed according to type and scope,
- Regulations on the behavior of forest visitors are issued,
- hunting are specially regulated.
- (6) Forest protection areas that have been established by a declaration by the higher forest authority must be redesignated by ordinance within a period of ten years after this Act comes into force. The involvement of the public sector bodies or neighboring forest owners is not required if the delimitation of the forest protection areas is not changed or is only changed insignificantly. Section 36 (2), (3) and (4) do not apply in these cases.
Bavaria
In Bavaria , "forest, which is irreplaceable due to its location and its extensive area, especially in densely populated areas and areas with little forest, and therefore has to be preserved in its surface substance and which is of exceptional importance for the climate, the water balance or for air purification" In accordance with the Bavarian Forest Act (BayWaldG), they can be designated as a protected forest. Even clearing with permission may only take place there if replacement afforestation is guaranteed in the immediate vicinity , which in terms of extent and functions is approximately equivalent or can become equivalent to the forest to be cleared.
Forest Act for Bavaria (BayWaldG)
- Art. 11 Ban forest
- (1) Forests, which are irreplaceable due to their location and area, especially in densely populated areas and areas with little forest, and which must therefore be preserved in their areal substance and which are of exceptional importance for the climate, the water balance or for air purification, should through Statutory ordinance to be declared Bannwald.
- (2) In addition, forest can be declared to be banned by a statutory ordinance, which particularly serves to protect against immissions.
- Art. 38 Procedure for declaring a forest to be a protected forest or recreational forest
- (1) 1 The draft ordinances, including the plans, to which reference is made to determine the boundaries of the protected forest or the recreational forest in accordance with Article 51, Paragraph 3 of the State Penal and Ordinance Act, shall be forwarded to the communities concerned for comment. 2 In addition, the authorities and bodies that are responsible for public affairs and whose area of responsibility is affected, as well as the professional representatives of the forest owners, should be heard.
- (2) 1 The draft statutory ordinances are also to be publicly displayed with the plans for a period of one month at the district administrative authority or at a body designated by it. 2 The place and duration of the display are to be announced at least one week in advance, as is customary for the site, with the indication that concerns and suggestions can be raised during the display period.
- (3) The district administrative authority responsible for issuing the statutory ordinance examines the concerns and suggestions made in a timely manner and communicates the result to those affected.
- (4) If the spatial or material scope of an ordinance is changed significantly, the procedure according to Paragraphs 1 to 3 must be repeated.
Hesse
In Hesse , a protected forest is a forest that, due to its location, area and its extraordinary importance for water balance, climate and air purification, has to be preserved in its area and therefore may only be cleared in exceptional cases. Often these are forests in densely populated areas or in poorly forested areas. Suitable forest areas are designated as protected forest by the regional planning and declared to be protected forest by legal ordinance of the regional councils as the upper forest authorities (§ 13).
Austria
In Austria, the protective forest is defined according to § 21 ff. And the protected forest according to § 27 ff. Of the Forest Act of 1975.
Switzerland
The Swiss Forest Act no longer uses the term “protected forest”, but protective forest.
literature
- Clemens Dasler: Forest and Wildbann in the early German Empire. The royal privileges for the imperial church from the 10th to the 12th century. Cologne, Wiemar, Vienna 2001
- Richard B. Hilf: The forest. Forests and pastures in the past and present - Part One [Reprint]. Aula, Wiebelsheim 2003, ISBN 3-494-01331-4 .
- Hans Hausrath : History of German silviculture. From its beginnings to 1850. Series of publications by the Institute for Forest Policy and Regional Planning at the University of Freiburg. Hochschulverlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1982, ISBN 3-8107-6803-0 .
- Ilse Haseder , Gerhard Stinglwagner : Knaur's large hunting dictionary. Augsburg 2000, ISBN 3-8289-1579-5 .
Web links
- Protected forests in Baden-Württemberg
- Database of natural forest reserves in Germany
- Deutsches-jagd-lexikon.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Haseder p. 81
- ^ Forest Act for Baden-Württemberg (PDF) from the State Forest Administration of Baden-Württemberg
- ↑ a b Forest Act for Bavaria (BayWaldG) as published on July 22, 2005
- ↑ a b Hessian Forest Act ( Memento from February 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ^ Austrian Forest Act of 1975 , accessed on December 4, 2015
- ↑ Federal Act (Switzerland) of October 4, 1991 on Forests (Forest Act, ForA) , accessed on December 3, 2015
- ↑ ForA Art. 37 Protective forest
