Peasant stone

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Nagelstein (front) and Bauernstein (back) in Einzingen (Allstedt)

The peasant stone marked the place of public law in rural communities.

General

Farm stones can be found in central squares in many villages. In central Germany they are also known as Anger, Kauf, Linden, Lügen (Legge), Schenk or Annunciation stone. The term Bauernstein appears for the first time in 1733 in the baptismal register of the church book of Leimbach , district of Querfurt in Saxony-Anhalt . The earliest evidence relates to the Körbesdorf in the district of Merseburg, which was removed in the course of lignite mining .

Peasant stone Domnitz
Schiepzig peasant stone

Farm stones are often under single trees or groups of trees, with oak or linden trees being preferred. With the church, the churchyard wall and the tavern, they form impressive ensembles (e.g. Bennstedt in the Saalekreis ; Bornstedt (near Eisleben) ). The stones are often found near the manor house or a larger homestead (e.g. Obhausen in the Saale district; Schleberoda in the Burgenland district ). The number, spatial arrangement and surface treatment of the stones are varied (processed or unprocessed - bench or table-shaped - individual stones or groups - semicircular or circular arrangement). According to current knowledge, the stones marked the legal and social center of rural communities. The stones mark the "place of common decision-making". Agreements, agreements and deals - made at the stone - were legally binding.

There are many villages without evidence of a peasant stone. With the current state of knowledge, gaps in coverage play just as much a role as losses. From numerous sources, however, it can be deduced that there were always places where the respective community could represent and gather as a "legal person": fountain , village linden tree , parish hall , churchyard , church portal , town hall , tavern , playhouse etc. Presumably played for the choice and equipment of the community center ethnic influences, church and state structures or aspects of settlement geography play a role. In the presence of all “ neighbors ” (a legal historical term) liabilities were entered into and legal acts were carried out which were below the level of the lower jurisdiction. These included u. a. Binding agreements on field, corridor and guarding regulations , supervision of weights and measures, control of the community treasury, rotation of cultivation and fallow land, offenses against community property. Furthermore, compliance with the baking regulations , the property boundaries and the fire regulations . The tasks of the Assembly on Bauerstein also included the election of village officials as this state of the municipality: Village servants , village clerk , village guards , midwives , shepherds, cattle and horse doctors , and wine glasses .

Participation in the meetings was compulsory, non-participation was reprimanded. In Bennungen, for example, in 1665 a fine of 6 pfennigs had to be paid for the fact that some people had "not cleaned up their animals", or 5 groschen and 3 pfennigs because they had "compressed" flax fibers on Saturday after the bell rang .

The negotiations on these minor matters were under the direction of a home citizen , judge, Schulzen or mayor, depending on the historical and ethnic conditions. In Saxony-Anhalt, over 100 peasant stones were recorded, characterized according to selected features and inventoried. According to the current status, the very clear spatial demarcation from the Tie is striking . While these formally very similar places with their stone setting dominate in the north of Saxony-Anhalt, where so far only three peasant stones have been identified, in the south there are almost exclusively peasant stones, but a Tiestein has meanwhile been identified in Sotterhausen . Presumably the distinction is just a dialectal one.

Some peasant stones were later used, so the von Radewell became a Goethe stone, the one in Großpaschleben a Thälmann monument and the von Stumsdorf one a war memorial.

literature

  • M. Beitz: Die Bauernsteine ​​im Saalekreis , in: Heimat-Jahrbuch Saalekreis 23 (2017), pp. 29–36.
  • M. Beitz: Die Bauernsteine ​​im Salzlandkreis , in: Sachsen-Anhalt-Journal 28 (2018), Heft 3, pp. 19-21.
  • W. Fieber & R. Schmitt : Legal archeology from the Köthen district , in: Communications of the Association for Anhaltische Landeskunde 2 (1993), pp. 11-30.
  • W. Fieber & R. Schmitt: Landdingstätten and farm stones. On selected monuments of legal history in Saxony-Anhalt , in: Archeology in Saxony-Anhalt 3, Halle 1993, p. 19ff.
  • W. Fieber, H. Lück & R. Schmitt: Farm stones in Saxony-Anhalt. An inventory , in: Archeology in Saxony-Anhalt Special Volume 11, Halle 2009.
  • W. Fieber & R. Schmitt: Legal archaeological monuments in Saxony-Anhalt. A review and outlook after twenty years , in: Signa Iuris 12 (2013), pp. 27–43.
  • W. Fieber & R. Schmitt: New discoveries and additional remarks on the inventory "Bauernsteine ​​in Sachsen-Anhalt" , in: Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt 8 (2016), pp. 68–81.
  • K. Klaus :: Farm stones in Saxony-Anhalt , 3 volumes, Hall 2004.
  • K. Klaus: The peasant stones of the Saalkreis , in: Festschrift for the 60th birthday of Dr. habil. Gerlinde Schlenker, ed. v. Axel Voigt, Halle 2006, pp. 115–120.

Web links

Commons : pawn stones  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fieber / Schmitt 1991, p. 84; 1992, p. 15
  2. ↑ Lück 1993; Fieber / Schmitt 1991, p. 84ff
  3. ↑ Harnisch 1985, pp. 28-52
  4. ↑ according to the state archive of Saxony-Anhalt
  5. ↑ In the inventory of 2009 (see literature) 106 farm stones for today's Saxony-Anhalt are listed and presented individually, including 36 that no longer exist. Since then, new finds have been reported several times, so that the number is now around 120.
  6. ↑ In their publications from 2013 and 2016, Fieber / Schmitt also show this mutual exclusion on the basis of a map and correct Sotterhausen, which was included in 2009 as a peasant stone. For the first time in 1993 it was possible to prove a tie location in the vicinity of Bauernsteinen (near Wörbzig , cf. Fieber / Schmitt, Rechtsarchäologisches aus dem Kreis Köthen , p. 13).
  7. ↑ Beitz, 2018, pp. 20-21 with reference to Karl Bischoff: Der Tie , 2 volumes, Wiesbaden 1971/1972.
  8. ↑ Fieber / Lück / Schmitt, pp. 58, 40 and 70. An illustrated article on Radewell can be found in the picture near Halle , for example .