Structural waterproofing

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Sealing work with bitumen welding sheets

Structural sealing is done with sealing agents and is carried out by structural sealers. To distinguish it from roof waterproofing , the term underground building waterproofing is also used. Insulation is often used colloquially, but sealing is technically correct in Germany .

Sealing of buildings includes all measures that are intended to prevent the damaging influence of water on the structure and usability of buildings. Special methods are used to dry out masonry in the context of renovating old buildings.

Structural sealing plays an important role in the construction and renovation of basements and basements as well as in tunnel and bridge structures . Some of the sealing products used for components in contact with the ground can also be used to seal flat roofs , terraces and balconies as well as interior seals in wet rooms (commercial sanitary rooms and swimming pools).

materials

Depending on the component, linings , barrier layers or paints are used as sealing material . In addition to the relevant standards, approvals and manufacturer regulations must also be observed.

A distinction is made between seals on the positive side of structures (water presses the seal against the structure) and seals on the negative side (water presses the seal off the structure). Bituminous seals (sheeting or thick coatings) can generally only be used for seals on the positive side, as they would be pressed off the substrate on the inside. Cement slurry and barrier mortar, on the other hand, combine sufficiently well with mineral building materials to be used on the inside.

Application and damage

Planning and execution errors often lead to structural damage, which, especially in the case of building waterproofing that is below ground level, can lead to high follow-up costs or to restrictions in use.

Experience shows that sealing against soil moisture / water from the ground causes problems :

  • the horizontal sealing of the base plate against rising moisture / water from the ground
  • the horizontal sealing of the walls against rising damp / water
  • the vertical wall sealing against laterally penetrating water
    • here in particular the transition point from the horizontal sealing of the foundation to the wall sealing
    • as well as the base training against rain splash water
  • the penetration of the wall seal with cables and pipes

For prevention, the following should be observed:

  • Sealing agents should be able to be processed reliably even in bad weather.
  • External seals can sometimes be better controlled.
  • In the case of waterproofing applied in liquid form, the required layer thickness should be checked.
  • Settlement cracks must be expected, especially if quarry stone masonry or a mixture of different materials were used to produce the basement walls in old buildings, and individual parts of the building are later loaded or relieved.
  • In some regions, radon rises from the ground . The materials used should then also seal against the gas.
  • If the sealing is to be carried out by non-specialists, then fault-tolerant materials should be preferred.

Sealing against non-pressing water

Cross-section through a white tank made of waterproof concrete . As long as the area of ​​the capillary water transport does not overlap with the drying layer, there is no significant water transport from the outside to the inside. The core area prevents water from flowing into the drying area, from which it would diffuse into the interior air .

Protective coatings alone are no longer permitted; non-pressing water must always be sealed in accordance with water exposure class 1 . There are bitumen thick coatings PMBC, plastic sheets of the K-tub or flexible mineral sealing slurry .

If the walls are already wet or damp, it is often necessary to dig up the basement and apply horizontal and / or vertical seals during renovation. To protect against rising damp, holes can be drilled into the cellar wall from the inside (borehole barrier ) and silicification ( silica or other blocking or hydrophobizing agents) pressed in there. The holes are about 15 to 20 cm apart, depending on the masonry, even closer. This only helps with soil moisture, but not with non-pressing or pressing water (load case 5 + 6 according to DIN). This blocking can also be built into the cellar wall from the inside.

Another method is the controversial electrophysical wall drainage , in which the moisture is displaced by applying a direct voltage and there is no need to dig it up. This procedure is certified in ÖNORM B 3355-2.

Another of several different methods for the subsequent installation of a horizontal seal is the masonry saw technique . A drainage system serves as a supplement to a seal on the basement floor , but this can be completely dispensed with through the use of pressurized water-tight seals.

Sealing against pressing water

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Waterproofing membrane on a concrete wall.

A circumferential watertight seal is required for:

  • accumulating seepage water in the ground
    • impermeable cohesive soil and
    • lack of drainage or
    • draining slope water
  • high groundwater or strata water

Various systems are used against pressing water:

Penetrations of the sealing layer for the penetration of service lines are designed as:

  • Pressurized water-tight sealing inserts introduced into bores, e.g. B. with
    • Press seals or
    • Wall collar (if necessary with large-area PG ÜBB jacket)
  • in the plane of the surface seal seated two-part flange z. B. as a loose fixed flange connection

Special seals

A picotage (or picotage) is a sealing of structural joints or holes with wooden boards, wooden wedges, plugs and plugs, also called picot, and with narrow iron wedges; For example, the watertight sealing of the segment and ring gaps between tubbings in a shaft when installing an English basin .

A similar technique is caulking , but it is used to seal the planks of wooden ship hulls with tow ( hemp fibers ) and wood tar or pitch .

DIN 18531 - Sealing of unused and used roofs against rainwater

Parallel to DIN 18531, the flat roof guidelines are issued by the Central Association of the German Roofing Trade (ZDVH), which sometimes provide for different versions.

DIN 18532 - Sealing of concrete traffic areas

DIN 18532 deals with the planning, execution and maintenance of the sealing of traffic areas made of concrete with liquid and sheet-like sealing materials, in particular polymer bitumen sheets , plastic and elastomer sheets or mastic asphalt .

Among other things, the standard applies to:

  • Pedestrian , cycle path and road bridges for which the regulations of the Additional Technical Contractual Conditions and Guidelines for Civil Engineering (ZTV-ING) do not apply
  • Parking roofs, parking decks, access ramps and spindles for parking garages
  • (Courtyard) basement ceilings and passages in buildings

Floor slabs of small garages and entrances to multi-storey car parks or pedestrian bridges can be viewed as subordinate traffic areas, which can also be treated according to DIN 18534 if a seal is provided.

DIN 18533 - Sealing of components in contact with the ground

Part 1: Requirements, planning and execution principles

DIN 18533 deals with the planning and execution of the sealing of components in contact with the ground with liquid and sheet-like sealing materials.

DIN 18533 defines various water exposure classes :

  • W 1-E - soil moisture and non- pressing water (usually with a damming height of up to 100 mm)
    • W 1.1-E -… for floor slabs and walls in contact with the ground
    • W 1.2-E -… for floor slabs and walls in contact with the ground with drainage
  • W 2-E - Pressing water
    • W 2.1-E -… with moderate impact, d. H. under 3 m water column
    • W 2.2-E -… with high impact, d. H. Backwater, groundwater or floods with a water column of more than 3 m
  • W 3-E - Non-pressing water on earth-covered ceilings
  • W 4-E - Splash water and soil moisture on the wall plinth as well as capillary water in and under walls

The water exposure classes can, if necessary, be determined in the context of a soil survey .

Sealing according to W 3-E can only be selected if the accumulation height is no more than 10 cm and the ceiling is at least 30 cm above the design groundwater level (HGW) and design high water level (HHW). Otherwise pressurized water can be assumed. In green inner courtyards there is often an earth cover of up to one meter and a water accumulation of 10 cm is achieved quickly if no special measures are taken for drainage.

Four different plan classes , the following crack width change and crack bridging classes associated with:

  • Crack class R 1-E with a crack width change of up to 0.2 mm requires sealing material of crack bridging class RÜ 1-E
  • Crack class R 2-E with a crack width change of up to 0.5 mm requires sealing material of crack bridging class RÜ 2-E
  • Crack class R 3-E with a crack width change of up to 1 mm and an offset of 0.5 mm requires sealing material of crack bridging class RÜ 3-E
  • Crack class R 4-E with a crack width change of up to 5 mm and an offset of 2 mm requires sealing material of crack bridging class RÜ 4-E

To achieve crack bridging class RÜ 4-E , for example, a two-layer bitumen waterproofing according to DIN 18533-2, 8.2.1 must be used.

Part 2

For example, the following polymer bitumen sheeting can be used to seal walls and wall bases in contact with the ground:

  • for W 1.1-E and W 1.2-E - V60S4, G200S4, PYE G200S4, PYE PV200S5 - one layer each, fully or partially glued, seams sealed
  • with W 2.1-E PYE PV200S5 single layer, G200S4 + PYE PV200S5 - glued over the entire surface
  • with W 2.2-E - DD web, three-layer

For example, the following polymer bitumen sheets can be used to seal floor slabs in contact with the ground:

  • for W 1.1-E and W 1.2-E - V60S4, G200S4, PYE G200S4, PYE PV200S5 - one layer each, loosely laid or fully or partially glued, seams sealed
  • with W 2.1-E - PYE PV200S5 single layer, G200S4 + PYE PV200S5 - glued over the entire surface, seams sealed
  • with W 2.2-E - DD web, three-layer

The following polymer bitumen sheets, for example, can be used to seal earth-covered ceiling surfaces against non-pressing water:

  • with W 3-E - G200S4 + PYE PV200S5, 2x PYE PV200S5 - fully or partially glued, seams sealed

The top layer must always be a polymer bitumen membrane. A cold self-adhesive polymer bitumen sheet can serve as the lower layer if a polymer bitumen welding sheet is selected as the upper layer. If the gradient is less than 2%, at least 2 layers of polymer bitumen sheeting must be used. Alternatively, as in the previously valid DIN 18195, a concrete ceiling with a non-slip surface can be given a polymer bitumen primer and a sealing layer PYE PV 200 DD, which is poured into polymer bitumen. If a green roof is planned, a WS PYE PV 200 S 5 welding membrane can be designed as protection against root penetration. XPS insulation panels or 6 mm thick building protection mats, drain mats or drain panels can be laid to protect the sealing membranes. The drainage is carried out according to DIN 1986-100.

The following polymer bitumen sheets, for example, can be used to seal against splash water and soil moisture on the wall base as well as capillary water in and under walls:

  • for W 4-E - G200DD, PYE PV200DD, MSB, R500Sand, (without lateral pressure possibly also PYE KTG KSP 2.8) - The overlap of the strips must be 20 cm. Unevenness in the wall must be leveled out beforehand.

Connections to other components

Among other things, DIN 18533 requires

  • that inside edge at the confluence of horizontal to vertical surfaces as a groove be performed with a width of at least 4 cm, for example, by mortar or the use of corner keys
  • that sealing of horizontal surfaces at the transition to walls is carried out at least 15 cm above the (future) surface of the finished wear layer
  • that the connecting edges of sealing membranes are to be secured against slipping off by clamping rails, clamping profiles or, in the case of double-walled masonry, by pressing against the rear masonry skin. Sufficient contact pressure is achieved, for example, by a rigid rail with a cross section of at least 45 mm x 5 mm, which is fastened by permanently corrosion-resistant screws at a distance of 150 to 200 mm.

• that the connecting edges of waterproofing membranes are prevented from running behind by rain, spray water and the like. are to be protected by covering, overhang strips , sheet metal profiles or a sealant bevel with a cross-section of at least 10 x 6 mm attached above the clamping rail or profile .

In contrast to DIN 18531, DIN 18533 regulates in Part 1, Section 9.3, level connections (height jump of max. 20 mm) at building openings such as entrance and patio doors. The seal is secured against running behind by water by clamping profiles with loose and fixed flange to compensate for movements. The seal must be pressed on continuously and protected from damage. A canopy or facade recess protects the opening from rain and splash water. The opening must be protected from accumulating water by a suitable slope or a drainage channel with grating .

See also

Norms

  • DIN 18195 - waterproofing of buildings (until 2017 consisted of ten parts and a supplement); since 2017 only defines the terms for the DIN 18531 to DIN 18535 series of seals
  • DIN 18531 - Sealing of unused and used roofs against rainwater
  • DIN 18532: Concrete surfaces with traffic
  • DIN 18533 - Sealing of components in contact with the ground; z. B. non-traveled, earth-covered ceilings, also with intensive greening and
  • DIN 18534: Sealing in interiors
  • DIN 18535: Sealing of containers and basins
  • DIN 18336 - VOB procurement and contract regulations for construction works - Part C: General technical contract conditions for construction works (ATV) - Sealing work
  • EN 13967 - Waterproofing membranes - Plastic and elastomeric membranes for waterproofing buildings against soil moisture and water - Definitions and properties

literature

  • Frank Frössel: Brickwork drainage and cellar renovation . IRB-Verlag 2001, 2nd edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-81676-126-6 .
  • Frank Frössel: Lexicon of building sealing and cellar renovation . Baulino Verlag 2005, 1st edition 2005, ISBN 978-3-93853-705-3 .
  • Frank Frössel: Textbook of cellar renovation and sealing. Expert Verlag 2006, 2nd edition 2009, ISBN 978-3-81692-757-0 .
  • Karl Lufsky, Michael Bonk, Erich Cziesielski: Building waterproofing. BG Teubner Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-519-35226-5 .
  • Uwe Morchutt: In- house flawless: precise planning, correct execution and exact acceptance. Blottner Verlag, ISBN 978-3-89367-115-1 .
  • Michael Herres, Georg Göker: BWA - guidelines for building waterproofing. Volume 3. Technical rules for the planning and execution of sealing of parking decks, courtyard cellar ceilings and similar constructions. Otto Elsner Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-87199-173-8 .

Web links

  • The dense construction on derdichtebau.de, the information page of the vdd Industrieverband Bitumen-Dach- und Dichtungsbahnen e. V.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Zement-Merkblatt Hochbau H 10 5.2019 - Water-impermeable structures made of concrete , In: Beton.org; accessed in March 2020
  2. ↑ ÖNORM B 3355-2, January 15, 2011 Drainage of damp masonry - measures against rising damp in masonry
  3. ↑ a b abP joint seals. Retrieved June 20, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Michael Schäfer: DIN 18531 - Differences to the regulations of the new flat roof guidelines of the ZVDH , lecture at the 12th Leipzig sealing seminar, January 30, 2018; In: Leipziger-Abdichtungsseminar.de
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Hafer: DIN 18533 Sealing of components in contact with the ground - Part 1: Requirements, planning and execution principles , June 2018, In: IBHafer.de
  6. ↑ Additional technical contract conditions and guidelines for civil engineering (ZTV-ING) on the website of the Federal Office for Road Construction (BaSt), In: Bast.de
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Earth-covered ceiling areas DIN 18533 , March 28, 2019; In: Dachtage-Westfalen.de