Mountain beards
| Mountain beards | |
|---|---|
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| Information | |
| Weapon type: | Axe |
| Designations: | Mountain ax |
| Use: | civil weapon, parade weapon |
| Working time: | until now |
| Region of origin / author: |
Miners |
| Distribution: | Germany |
| Handle: | Wood, metal, c. 150 cm, inlays ( stag horn , ivory , fittings) |
| Particularities: | today only as a decorative or parade weapon |
| Lists on the subject | |
A mountain beard or short beard is an ax with a long point and a relatively long handle . It is part of the mountain habit and is carried by the miners on their shoulders during a mountain parade .
“The mountain beard, plur. die -n, a small ax, with a long point at the top and a long helmet at the bottom, which the miners wear as an ornament. "
etymology
Barte or parte is a medieval name for a (broad) ax. The root of the word is preserved in compounds like halberd . Adelung refers to the fact that in Thuringia every ax is called a beard and derives the name from bartan, bardan ("to strike", "hew").
description
The mountain beard, unlike the Grubenbeil much a tool as one of the battle- derived weapon . Medieval miners enjoyed the right to bear arms, among other privileges. The mountain beard is still used as a parade weapon .
The mountain beard consists of the leaf and the helmet . The sheet, which ends in a tip towards the front, has one or more perforations. The tip is usually not worn open, but protected with a lead acorn. The mountain beard carries a small, usually square anvil on the top of the eye. The helmet is usually oval, is made of hardwood or fruit wood and is often decorated with inlays. These are made of horn, formerly also made of ivory, and depict scenes and sayings from the life of a miner. The end of the helmet is curved downwards, beveled at the back and has a base plate.
Ornamental
There are often chasings on the sheet , such as the name of the owner or ornaments. The decorations on the helmet consist of differently shaped metal fittings, stag horn and ivory inlays or reliefs depicting pictures, incised drawings or verses.
Replicas
"From old documents" it emerges that not every miner wore a beard in the past and that cheap replicas were therefore made in order to "preserve the cohesion of the picture." These were outwardly indistinguishable from the real beards, especially in the dim light of one nocturnal mountain lift. These miners also had the typical cloverleaf-shaped openings in the leaf, which are said to go back to the "Tryfosd" (a Germanic symbol). More modern versions of the parade beards partly do without the decorations and come without openings, inlays and the acorn, instead the leaf ends in a blunt curve. The blade is usually made of brass , more rarely of nickel silver .
use
It has not been reliably proven whether the mountain beard was actually carried and used as a weapon in earlier times. The very latest since the reorganization of the mountain Habits by Herder mountain beard is only as a prime weapon by the Häuer out. It is worn over the right shoulder for mountain lifts and parades.
literature
- GE Rost: Costumes of the miners and smelters in the Kingdom of Saxony: according to the latest regulations with scenic surroundings from the various mining authority districts drawn from nature, engraved in copper and faithfully colored . Freiberg 1831 ( digitized version ).
- Karl-Ewald Fritzsch , Friedrich Sieber : Mining costumes of the 18th century in the Ore Mountains and in the Mansfeld region . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1957, p. 79 .
- Siegfried Sieber : On the history of mining in the Ore Mountains . Wilhelm Knapp, Halle (Saale) 1954, p. 135 .
- Gunther Galinsky (Ed.): Reymann . Photo documentarists in the mountain town of Freiberg 1865–1945. 2nd improved edition. Fotokinoverlag, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7311-0003-7 .
- Reinhard Haller: Mining and smelting life in the Hofmark Bodenmais 1580-1820 . Inaug. Diss. Munich. Verlag Josef Dötsch, Zwiesel 1970.
- Rud. Köhler: Customs, customs and costumes of the miners in ancient times . In: Our Egerland . 29th year, issue 2, 1925.
- Rudolf Wartusch, Otto Wohlgemuth: Good luck! All sorts of miner's life . Friedrich Floeder, Düsseldorf 1927.
- Winkelmann: Mining . Düsseldorf 1953.
- Paul Müller: Zierbaren in private ownership . In: Freiberg research books . D 11. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1955.
- Heinrich Anacker: Of axes, beards and ticks . In: Freiberg research books . D 31. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1960.
- Paul Müller: On the origin of the mountain beards. In: Bergakademie magazine, 14th year, No. 8, pages 584–590; Akademie-Verlag Berlin, August 1962.
- Borchers: About miners . In: Messages from the Freiberg Antiquities Association . Issue 47, 1911.
- Rieß: About the origin of the mountain beards . In: Messages from the Freiberg Antiquities Association . Issue 51, 1916.
- About the origin of the mountain beards . Supplements to issue 51. In: Messages from the Freiberger Altertumsverein . Issue 52, 1917.
- Miners . In: Messages from the Freiberg Antiquities Association . Issue 54, 1923.
Web links
- Miners. Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Sprockhövel eV, June 15, 2012, accessed on November 10, 2014 .
- Bergbarte with the coat of arms of Electoral Saxony. Johann Georgs II miner 's set. Accessed November 10, 2014 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Adelung: Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect , pp. 863–864
- ^ Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect , pp. 739–740
- ↑ Beard . In: Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon 1894–1896, Volume 2, p. 439.
- ↑ a b c d e Manfred Blechschmidt , The beard is the miner's pride , In: At home with us
- ^ Siegfried Sieber: On the history of the Erzgebirge mining industry , Wilhelm Knapp, Halle (Saale) 1954, p. 111