Pale dwarf tension
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Pale dwarf moth ( Idaea pallidata ) |
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| Idaea pallidata | ||||||||||||
| ( Michael Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775) |
The Pale Zwergspanner ( Idaea pallidata ), also known as Pale Yellow Bird Knotweed , Felsflur-Kleinspanner or Vogelknotterich-Kleinspanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the Spanner family (Geometridae).
features
The male moths have a wingspan of 18 to 22 millimeters, the female moths a wingspan of 13 to 19 millimeters (or ♂ 18 to 20 millimeters and ♀ 16 to 19 millimeters.) A slight sexual dimorphism can also be seen in the primary color ; the basic color of the upper wing surfaces is sand-colored (or light yellowish-gray) in the males, white in the females, each with a weak black or gray over-dusting, mainly towards the costal edge. The often very faded cross lines are light brown or yellowish brown and only slightly wavy. In the males they are a little wider and in the females a little narrower. A maximum of five transverse lines are formed on the forewing (inner transverse line, central shadow, outer transverse line, two wavy lines in the hem area), on the rear wing only four transverse lines. Discal spots and fringe spots are missing.
The greenish egg is elongated oval shaped. The surface appears somewhat indented and has a hexagonal pattern.
The egg caterpillar measures 1.5 millimeters in length. The adult caterpillar is up to 15 millimeters long, is very slender and gray-brown in color. It is flattened with a strong side keel and strongly constricted segments. It tapers approximately from the 10th segment to the front end. Only the last three segments are significantly narrower again. The back line is bordered in black and is more prominent on the last three segments. The side edge is lighter in color, the ventral side dark. The caterpillar has a remarkable mark on the back: it consists of five angles open to the head and is fork-like in the rear third of the body.
The light brown doll is 5.5 millimeters long and 2.3 millimeters in diameter. The ribs of the wing sheaths stand out black. The back line and the segment incisions are also colored black. The medium-sized Kremaster is sculpted on the back and abdomen and about as long as it is wide. It is covered with four pairs of hook-like curved bristles ("six fine hooks"), each shorter than the Kremaster.
Similar species
Especially the female can very easily be confused with Idaea sylvestraria Huebner and Idaea subsericeata (Haworth). However, these species have clear discal patches.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The geographic occurrence extends from central France, across Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia to the Russian Far East . In Northern Europe, the distribution reaches about central Scandinavia , in Finland even the 66th parallel. The species occurs in Corsica , very locally in Italy as far as Sicily and on the Balkan Peninsula as far as northern Greece. Isolated occurrences can be found in northeast Turkey and the Caucasus region . In the east, the range of the species extends to Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia .
The species prefers warm and dry slopes, especially grasslands, but also occurs at the edges of forests, in clearings and open forests. In southern Italy the species was found on flower-rich, rather moist, sun-exposed mountain meadows. The species occurs north of the Alps from 0 to about 1000 meters above sea level. South of the Alps, the species can only be found in the mountains from around 1200 to 1900 meters.
Way of life
The species usually forms only one generation, the moths of which fly from the beginning of May to the end of June, exceptionally well into July. In Northern Europe, the moths' flight time usually does not begin until mid or late May. A partial second generation is to be formed in southern Europe. The moths rest in the vegetation during the day, but can be roused very easily and are therefore also observed during the day. The main flight time seems to be at dusk; especially the males are strongly attracted to artificial light sources. The male to female ratio in the collections is 70 to 75 to 25 to 30. The females simply drop the eggs into the vegetation while in flight. The caterpillars are polyphagous and probably live on wilted or dry plant material from a variety of herbaceous plants . Caterpillars were found among common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ), blueberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), real medicinal valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) and real meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria ). The breeding succeeded with common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ), garden lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), hawkweed ( Hieracium pilosella ) and common dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ). The caterpillars overwinter and pupate in the late spring of the following year.
Systematics and taxonomy
The taxon was first scientifically described in 1775 by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller as Geometra pallidata . The holotype or the type material came from the area around Vienna and is lost. In older works the species often appears in the combination Acidalia pallidata and the taxon is wrongly ascribed to Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen . Another combination often used in older literature is Sterrha pallidata ; also in this case the kind is still z. Attributed to T. Borkhausen. Sterrha Hübner, 1825 is a younger homonym of Idaea Treitschke, 1825.
Two subspecies are currently recognized:
- Idaea pallidata pallidata . the nominate subspecies
- Idaea pallidata similiformis Vasilenko, 1990, Siberia
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Red lists at Science4you
- ↑ a b c d Hausmann (2004: pp. 175–177)
- ↑ a b Skou (1986: p. 50)
- ^ A b c Otto Habich: Lepidopterological contributions. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 159–162, Stettin 1892 Online at archive.org
- ↑ Lepiforum - Pale dwarf spanner Idaea pallidata (pictures of eggs and the caterpillar)
- ↑ a b Forster & Wohlfahrt (1973: p. 26/7)
- ↑ Hugo May: About the first levels of the geometrids. In: Annual report of the Vienna Entomological Association. 3, Vienna 1893, pp. 39–47 ( PDF (811 kB) on ZOBODAT ).
- ↑ Ebert (2001: pp. 185–188)
- ↑ Jan Pactočka: The pupae of the tensioners (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Central Europe: subfamily Sterrhinae. Bonn zoological contributions, 51 (4): 269–296, Bonn 2002 ISSN 0006-7172 PDF ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2.9 MB)
- ^ Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller: Systematic directory of butterflies in the Vienna region. 322 S., Bernardi, Vienna 1776 Online at GDZ - Göttinger Digitization Center (The work Announcement of a systematic work on the butterflies of the Vienna region by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller from 1775 is an identical preprint of the digitized work from 1776) (Description from Geometra pallidata on p. 110).
- ^ Butterflies and Moths of the World Generic Names and their Type-species - Natural History Museum London
literature
- Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
- Günter Ebert (Hrsg.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-800-13497-7
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 8-788-75737-4
- Peder Skou: The geometroid moths of North Europe (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae and Geometridae). 348 S., Leiden, Brill, 1986 online at GoogleBooks
