Blue-green ripe deafblings

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Blue-green ripe deafblings
The blue-green ripe deafblings (Russula parazurea)

The blue-green ripe deafblings ( Russula parazurea )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Blue-green ripe deafblings
Scientific name
Russula parazurea
Jul. Schäff.

The blue-green ripe deafness ( Russula parazurea ) is a mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives . The medium-sized Täubling has a more or less cloudy blue-green colored, matt and usually clearly frosted hat and mild-tasting flesh. The spore powder is pale cream in color. Microscopically striking are the relatively small, reticulate ornamented spores and the cylindrical to club-shaped, partially constricted at the top Pileocystiden . The mycorrhizal fungus usually grows in deciduous forests with oaks and linden trees on more or less acidic and often sandy soils. You can often find it on roadsides and in parks. It is more common in northern Germany than in the south.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–10 cm wide and very variable in color. Julius Schäffer describes it as "cloudy and dark blue-green to green-blue (ultramarine), often completely lead-gray-slate blue, typically full and dark in all colors of storm waves and storm clouds, even with a transition to a corresponding sky blue." Some specimens also show a contrasting brownish cloudiness, which usually starts from the middle of the hat and rarely extends to the edge. The gray-brown to flesh-brownish forms can also be the lead brown Täubling , a closely related, new type of Täubling that Schäffer has not yet delimited. When it is dry, the hat skin appears matt and gray-white ready, at the edge it is sometimes scabby. The gray-and-white tires that give the name their name, which are sometimes almost reminiscent of mold, occur mainly in young specimens, but can be lost in older ones. The hat skin is up to half 3 / 4 removable. The lamellas are pale cream, slightly forked on the stem and not very close together. The white stem is short, 5–8 cm long and 0.7–1.5 cm wide and often has brown spots. It is cylindrical, sometimes club-shaped. The meat is thin, relatively firm, whitish to pale creamy ocher and tastes mild. In the lamellae it can also taste sharp (especially in younger specimens). The fungus smells inconspicuous when fresh, but unpleasantly cheesy or like foot sweat when it dries. The spore powder is off-white.

The iron sulphate reaction is weak, the meat usually turns pale yellow or orange. The guaiac reaction is delayed and weak. Pleurocystiden and Pileocystiden react weakly and variably with sulfovanillin.

Microscopic features

The elliptical spores are 5.7–8.5 µm long and 5–6.5 µm wide. The warts are up to 0.5 µm high, sometimes isolated, but mostly connected by lines that form an almost complete network. The basidia are (32) 40–57 µm long and 7-11 µm wide and have 4 sterigms. The pleurocystids, that are cystids in the lamellar surface, are 57–90 µm long and 7–13 µm wide. They are usually head-shaped, appended or pointed, and the sulfovanillin reaction is weak. The hyphae end cells have no characteristic expression. They are seldom in short chains and when they do, the cells are narrowed or conical towards the outside. Pigments are found in vacuoles, but are never membrane-bound. The Pileocystiden are up to 70 (90) µm long × 6-10 µm wide. They are culled, or almost spindle-shaped, more or less constricted towards the tip or slightly head-shaped. The sulfovanillin reaction is weak.

Species delimitation

Within the section Heterophyllae and Griseinae there are a number of similar deafblings, which are often difficult to tell apart. Most often the blue-green ripe deaf is confused with the female deaf ( Russula cyanoxantha ), the parrot-deaf ( Russula ionochlora ) and the grass-green deaf ( Russula aeruginea ). The easiest way to distinguish it from the female blubber. This has elastic, non-splintering, greasy-feeling lamellae. It does not react with iron sulfate. The grass-green Täubling can also be similar, whose hat color is always without blue or purple tones. At least when ripe, its lamellae are colored ocher yellow. As the name suggests, it is preferred under birch trees. The puffin often has a purple or pinkish violet-tinged stem. The flesh turns pink to purple at places where it has been eaten. In addition, all three of them lack the white hat tires of the blue-green frost blubber, unfortunately it can be missing in older specimens or after a rain.

Other very similar, but rare to very rare species, which can usually only be distinguished with certainty under the microscope, are the following:

  • The duck-deafling ( Russula anatina ), it is very reminiscent of the blue-green frosted deafling because of its gray-olive to black-green hat and its clearly scabby-floury tires. But it has a darker spore powder and purely isolated black spores. Although it also grows under oak, it prefers limestone soils.
  • The black-green blubber ( Russula atroglauca ) is very similar due to its similarly colored, matt hat. However, its hair (epicutis hyphae) in the hat skin is significantly wider and its spores are more burr-free and ornamented less like a net. The species prefers boggy locations under aspen and birch trees .
  • The olive-green deafblings ( Russula pseudoaeruginea ) has darker spore powder (IIc-d) and barrel-shaped hat skin hairs. It also differs in its location. It likes to grow in base-rich beech forests.
  • The false female deaf ( Russula medullata ) also has a gray-green colored hat. But it grows under trembling poplars and has very dark spore powder.

ecology

The blue-green ripe deafblings are like all deafblings and milklings a mycorrhizal producer . Its preferred mycorrhizal partners are hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ), red beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), poplar ( Populus ) and linden ( Tilia ) and, above all, oak ( Quercus ). In Switzerland it can also be found under sweet chestnuts . It occurs in mixed deciduous forests, parks or on roadsides with trees. It is seldom seen in conifer clearings or at the edge of the forest under pine trees.

The calcareous Täubling seems to be bound to light sandy soils. It is often found together with the Camembert deafness ( Russula amoenolens ), the scratchy comb deafness ( Russula recondita ), the parrot deafness ( Russula ionochlora ) and other deafnesses that grow in acidic locations. The sandy topsoil structure seems to be more important to the deaf than the pH value of the soil, as it can also occur on more alkaline sandy soils, while it is absent in acidic locations with a thick raw humus cover. The gregarious fruiting bodies appear in summer and autumn, usually from June to October.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the blue-green frost pigeon.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The blue-green ripe deaf is common in North America (USA, Canada), North Asia (Korea, Japan), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, its main area of ​​distribution is northwest, central and northern Europe. The deafblings are very common in the Netherlands and fairly common to common in southern Norway and Sweden, while they are rare in Finland (only a few finds from Uusimaa ) and Estonia. In Sweden the Täubling was detected up to the 63rd parallel. The species seems to be largely absent in Southeastern Europe, only evidence is available from Bulgaria from the Znepole region and the western Rhodope Mountains .

    In Germany, the blue-green rifle-Täubling is widespread in western, northern and eastern Germany and is often quite common. It is far rarer in southern Germany and is absent in many places, especially in the limestone regions. In Austria the Täubling occurs rarely to absent-minded. There is no evidence from the federal states of Tyrol and Salzburg. In Austria, too, the Täubling avoids the limestone areas and is most common on the edge of the Alps in the low mountain range and the hilly country between 300 and 600 m above sea level. The Täubling needs an annual mean temperature of 7 to a maximum of 9 ° C. The Täubling is quite rare in Switzerland and is missing in many places, the most common is still in Ticino. In Switzerland, too, the Täubling prefers the hill country, the highest evidence comes from Campo (Blenio) , where the fungus was found at an altitude of 1400 m.

    Systematics

    The taxon was renamed in 1931 by Julius Schäffer, after he had already described it in 1929 under the ambiguous name Russula furcata (fork-bladder), which goes back to Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck . He justified this with the words: "I don't find much taste in adding an eighth to seven existing interpretations of the name furcata that cannot be more easily proven." A synonym for R. parazurea is R. palumbina subsp. parazurea . In 1935, P. Konrad and A. Maublanc saw Schäffer's newly described species as only a subspecies of the pigeon pigeon and classified it as Russula palumbina subsp. parazurea down to the subspecies (for the pigeon pigeon the epithet palumbina was used instead of the today common grisea ).

    Position within the genus

    The blue-green rime-deaf is placed in the subsection Griseinae , a subsection of the section Heterophyllea . The subsection contains medium to large species with gray, green, purple or olive hats. The mildly tasting mushrooms have slightly sharp lamellae, their spore powder is cream-colored to ocher.

    Forms and varieties

    The following forms and varieties of the blue-green frost-bled have been described:

    variety author description
    Russula parazurea f. dibapha Romagn. The hat skin is quite velvety or completely frosted, with more variable colors than the type. The stem is finely wrinkled and tinted gray or gray-violet. Hyphal end cells sometimes with irregular, thick-ended, or partially puzzle-shaped cells. The form occurs under conifers, preferably under pines.
    Russula parazurea f. purpurea Singer Hat with more purple and purplish purple tones than the guy.
    Russula parazurea var. Ochrospora

    ( Russula ochrospora (Nicolaj) Quadr. )

    		Nicolaj The hat 5–7 cm gray, olive or blue-green with an often leather-yellow center. Lamellae more or less distant, cream-colored to ocher. The stem is white, only fully then spongy, without a particularly pronounced layer of bark. The iron sulphate reaction is weak, the guaiac reaction without any characteristic expression. The spores are 8–9 (10) µm long and 6.5–7.5 (8.5) µm wide, reticulated or almost reticulated. The cystidia are 75–90 µm × 8–11 µm long and wide. The Pileocystiden 4–8 wide and more or less appended, that is, provided with an attached tip. The hyphal end cells are very variable with more or less short limbs but the ends are always elongated and narrowed. The variety was raised to a species by L. Quadraccia in 1985. The Täubling can be found under thermophilic deciduous trees and in oak bushes.

    The lead brown pigeon ( Russula plumbeobrunnea ) was first described by W. Jurkeit and W. Schößler in 2010. On the basis of phylogenetic investigations, however, it was found that the taxon is identical to Russula parazurea , although microscopically it differs significantly through the thicker, septate and less pointed hairs (epicutishyphae) in the cap skin and the more clumpy pileocystids . The name Russula plumbeobrunnea is therefore invalid.

    meaning

    The blue-green ripe deaf is edible. It tastes mild, but in the lamellae it is often sharp. As with other pigeons, the sharpness is lost during preparation.

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : Bluegreen Ripe Täubling ( Russula parazurea )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 58 .
    2. ↑ a b J. Schäffer : Russula . Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici . tape  31 , 1933, pp. 337 ( online [accessed July 21, 2015]).
    3. ↑ a b c d under The Russulales Website ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / w3.uwyo.edu
    4. ^ A b Henri Romagnesi : Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967 (French, online [accessed July 21, 2015]).
    5. ↑ Russula parazurea ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.rogersmushrooms.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    6. ↑ a b H. Schwöbel: Die Täublinge. - Contributions to their knowledge and dissemination (IV) . In: Journal of Mushroom Science . tape 41 , 1975, p. 123-142 ( online [PDF]).
    7. ^ A b Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-443-59013-6 , pp. 48 .
    8. ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 218.
    9. ↑ a b Blue-green tire-Täubling at www.natur-in-nrw.de
    10. ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; accessed August 31, 2011]).
    11. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula parazurea. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    12. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula parazurea. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    13. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula parazurea. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    14. ↑ Russula parazurea . In: Mushrooms and Fungi of Poland / grzyby.pl . Retrieved August 22, 2011.
    15. ↑ Ilkka Kytövuori et al .: Chapter 5.2, Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland . 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 , pp. 105–225 ( online [PDF] Finnish: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko .).
    16. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    17. ↑ Russula parazurea in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    18. ↑ a b NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula parazurea. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 7, 2012 .
    19. ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved June 2, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    20. ^ W. Demon, A. Hausknecht & I. Krisai-Greilhuber: Database of Austria's mushrooms. In: www.austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on July 21, 2015 .
    21. ↑ Jul. Schäff: Russula parazurea. In: Index Fungorum. Retrieved July 21, 2015 .
    22. ↑ Jul. Schäff: Russula parazurea. In: Fungal Nomenclature and Species Databank. International Mycological Association, accessed July 21, 2015 .
    23. ↑ Russula parazurea f. dibapha . In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it . Retrieved August 29, 2011.
    24. ↑ Russula parazurea var. Ochrospora . In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it . Retrieved August 29, 2011.
    25. ↑ : W. Jurkeit, W. Schößler, B. Gray Winkle and J. Albers new russulas from Germany Russula research in Central Europe I. Two . In: Journal of Mycology . tape 76/1 , 2010, p. 3-26 .