Scratching comb blubber
| Scratching comb blubber | ||||||||||||
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Scratching comb-deaf ( Russula recondita ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Russula recondita | ||||||||||||
| Melera & Ostellari |
The scratchy comb deaf ( Russula recondita ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a smaller to medium-sized blubber, with a more gray-brown hat with a comb-like serration at the edge, whitish to cream-colored lamellae and a cream-colored spore powder. The flesh of the inedible deafing tastes mild but unpleasant and it scratches the throat a little. The deaf has an unpleasant smell of rubber or potato bovist. The widespread but infrequent mycorrhizal fungus is found from summer to autumn in light, grass-rich, deciduous and coniferous forests on more or less sandy and not too lime-rich soils.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is convex when young, then spread out flat and finally depressed in the middle. It is 2.5–8 cm wide. The surface of the young mushroom and in damp weather is slimy, but otherwise dry. The hat is pale yellow-brown to dull straw-colored or cinnamon-brown. The edge is grooved in a comb-like bumpy shape over a length of 1–2 cm and often speckled pink to cinnamon brown. The hat skin is usually easy to peel off halfway.
The slats have grown. They are close or distant and are pale cream to yellowish and sometimes brownish speckled or discolored. The spore powder is off-white.
The stem is 1.5–7 cm long and 0.5–2 cm thick. It is whitish, yellows slightly or turns brown in color. At the base it is often brownish red. The stem often becomes hollow with age.
The meat is white and does not discolor if you break or cut it. The mushroom smells slightly fruity to rubbery, sometimes also slightly like bitter almonds. The taste is mild or tranquil and leads to a scratchy throat after prolonged chewing.
With KOH, the hat skin does not discolour or discolor it only slightly pink or light purple. The FeSO 4 reaction on the stem meat is negative or weakly positive, the meat then turns slightly pink. With guaiac tincture, the meat turns blue / green.
Microscopic features
The elliptical spores are 6.6–8.5 (9) µm long and 5.2–6.5 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament consists of obtuse to pointed conical, mostly isolated standing warts, which are occasionally elongated or grown together and connected in places with short lines. The ornament grows to a height of 0.75–1.2 µm. The apiculus becomes 1–1.37 µm long and 0.87–1.25 µm wide. The hillock is indistinct and weakly amyloid .
The four-pore basidia are club-shaped and measure 40–45 × 8–10 µm. The cystids are more or less numerous and turn gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde . The cheilocystidia are predominantly spindle-shaped and mostly constricted at the tip or have a head-shaped appendage. They measure 30–65 × 6–9 µm, while the similarly shaped pleurocystides measure 40–80 × 7–10 µm.
The top layer of the hat consists of cylindrical, mostly branched and septate, 2–4 µm wide hairs, the hyphae walls of which are more or less gelatinized. Their hyphae ends are blunt or narrowed awl-shaped, they contain a slightly brownish vacuole pigment. In between there are cylindrical pileocystids that are often tapered or constricted towards the tip . They measure 30–35 × 3–6 µm and have a gray-black, granular content in sulfobenzaldehyde.
Species delimitation
The scratchy comb-deaf is not easy to identify, as there are several very similar species with the mild comb-deaf ( Russula insignis ), the sharp-combed deaf ( Russula pectinata ) and the camembert-deaf ( Russula amoenolens ). The following indicators are helpful. 1. The relatively pale mostly straw yellow hat. 2. The bumpy, fluted edge of the hat with the small, copper-red-brown to cinnamon-brown spots between the furrows and bumps. 3. The mostly orange-yellow or orange-red stem base. 4 The taste is mild at first and then scratchy in the throat and the fruity to rubbery smell. All of these characteristics can vary in strength. Overall the mushroom is more fragile than the other species from its group.
ecology
The scratchy comb-deaf fungus is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with both deciduous and coniferous trees. At least in Germany, its most important mycorrhizal partner is oak; hornbeam, red beech, linden, pine and spruce can also serve as hosts. From summer to autumn it occurs singly or socially in oak and mixed oak forests, but also in other forest forms. You can also find it outside of the forest in parks or at the edges of the road under deciduous trees on sandy soils.
distribution
The scratching comb-deaf in the narrower sense ( Russula recondita ) is a European species. In Germany, the deaf is scattered from the Danish border to the Upper Rhine. It is represented in all federal states, with densification and loosening areas often alternating. The Täubling is also common in Switzerland, but not often. The species is meridional to temperate and can be found both in the lowlands and in the mountains.
The scratchy comb-deaf was only recently split into several types (see section systematics ). As a collective species ( Russula pectinatoides agg.) It is distributed Holarctic and occurs in North Asia (Japan, Korea), North America (USA, Canada), the Canary Islands and Europe. In North America it occurs in the northeast (west to Michigan and south to North Carolina).
Systematics
For a long time, the scratchy comb-deafling was only considered a subspecies of Russula pectinata , the sharp-combed deafling .
The species is often referred to in the literature as Russula pectinatoides and is known by this name. However, phylogenetic investigations established that European material of the species was genetically different from the holotype and therefore had to be assigned to a different species. This new species is Russula recondita . Russula pectinatoides s. st. is a purely American species that does not occur in Europe.
Inquirerous classification
The scratchy comb-deaf is a typical representative of the subsection Pectinatae to which smaller to medium-sized species with a more brownish, gray hat color belong. Very similar, and at least not clearly delimited in older mushroom guides, is the Schärfliche Käubling ( Russula pectinata ).
Varieties and forms
Several varieties and forms of the scratchy comb-deaf have been described. Their taxonomic significance is, however, doubtful after recombining to Russula recondita .
| variety | author | description |
|---|---|---|
| Russula pectinatoides f. amarescens | ( Romagn. ) Bertault (1978) | Differs from the type in that it has a mild and slowly bitter taste of the stem meat and the disgusting smell. |
| Russula pectinatoides var pseudoamoenolens | Romagn. (1962) | Variety with darker colors, the appearance of which is reminiscent of the Camembert pigeon R. amoenolens . The lamellas and stem quickly turn dirty ocher and then greyish. The smell is barely noticeable or slightly fruity. The spore powder is cream to ocher in color. The spores (8 × 6.5 µm) are more network-like than in the type. |
| Russula pectinatoides f. dimorphocystis | Romagn. (1967) | The slats are pretty tight. The hat with a dark brown center is reminiscent of Russula insignis, but the edge is pale and furrowed. The spores are partially connected like a network. Laticifera are abundant and the cystidia are dimorphic. |
| Russula pectinatoides var. Pseudoconsobrina | Romagn. (1967) | The slats are very far apart. The hat is brown with a pale, translucent rim. Laticifera are fairly abundant. The cap skin has narrow, wedge-shaped, pointed hyphae cell ends and small, narrow, 3–4 (5) µm wide dermatocystids. |
meaning
The scratchy comb-deaf mushroom is not an edible mushroom, although it is described as edible in its original description.
literature
- H. Romagnesi: Russula pectinatoides. Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (1967). In: mycobank.org The Fungal website. Retrieved August 30, 2011 (French).
- Russula pectinatoides. Partial Russula Database. In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed August 30, 2011 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Sacha Melera, Carlo Ostellari, Neria Roemer, Peter G. Avis, Mauro Tonolla: Analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular characters of Russula pectinatoides Peck and Russula praetervisa Sarnari, with a description of the new taxon Russula recondita Melera & Ostellari . In: Mycological Progress . tape 16 , no. 2 , February 1, 2017, ISSN 1861-8952 , p. 117-134 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-016-1256-y .
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 78 .
- ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 .
- ↑ a b Russula pectinatoides ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.rogersmushrooms.com
- ↑ a b M. Kuo: Russula pectinatoides. at www.mushroomexpert.com , January 2005.
- ↑ Russula pectinatoides at www.pilzoek.de pilzoek
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula pectinatoides. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 28, 2012 .
- ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula pectinatoides. Retrieved September 28, 2012 .
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 578 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 293 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
- ↑ Karel Tejkal: www.myko.cz/myko-atlas - Russula pectinatoides. In: www.myko.cz. Retrieved February 6, 2016 (cz).
- ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula pectinatoides. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo: SY769 Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus . (Finnish lamellar and tube mushrooms: ecology, distribution and threat status). Ed .: Esteri Ohenoja. 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (Finnish, helsinki.fi [PDF]).
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula pectinatoides. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Russula pectinatoides. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved September 28, 2012 .
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 542.
- ↑ Russula pectinatoides in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
- ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula pectinatoides. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 28, 2012 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Russula pectinatoides f. amarescens. In: Russulales News. Retrieved August 29, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c Russula pectinatoides. (PDF; 1.4 MB) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (No longer available online.) In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 15 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved on August 21, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
- ↑ Russula pectinatoides var. Pseudoamoenolens. In: Russulales News. Retrieved August 29, 2011 .
- ↑ Russula pectinata f. dimorphocystis. In: Russulales News. Retrieved August 29, 2011 .
- ↑ Russula pectinatoides f. pseudoconsobrina. In: Russulales News. Retrieved August 29, 2011 .
- ^ Original description of Russula pectinatoides under Russulales News
Web links
- Deaf of the week # 24: Scratching comb deaf. In: pilzepilze.de. Retrieved August 30, 2011 (good photos of Russula pectinatoides , showing the fungus in all its diversity).
