Calumma
| Calumma | ||||||||||||
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Calumma crypticum (male) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Calumma | ||||||||||||
| Gray , 1865 |
Calumma is a genus of chameleons . All species in this genus are endemic to Madagascar .
Appearance
The genus Calumma includes small to large chameleons. These animals have a distinctive coloration and the ability to change color significantly. In Calumma occurs sexual dimorphism on: males have clearly developed structures on the head, which are absent in the females or are at least less pronounced. These are, for example, nasal processes, helmet-like structures and occipital lobes. The latter are skin-like, splayable growths on the side of the skull. Male Calumma also grow larger than female conspecifics, and they have a longer tail than the female with a thickened base.
Outwardly, this genus is difficult to distinguish from Furcifer . In many Calumma occipital lobes are present, in Furcifer not. In Calumma there is also no pronounced crest on the ventral side (rudimentary in C. brevicorne ), but such a ridge often occurs in Furcifer .
Occurrence
The genus Calumma is endemic to Madagascar. The only exception was the species C. tigris , which occurs in the Seychelles , but was placed in the genus Archaius in 2010 . The genus Archaius , already described in 1865, was revived.
These are exclusively arboricolous species that have so far only been detected in humid areas. Calumma occurs up to over 1900 m altitude - another distinguishing feature to Furcifer ; of the species of this genus, only F. campani inhabits these heights. With a few exceptions, Calumma species show a preference for undisturbed forests.
Systematics
Since the generic name Calumma is no longer regarded as female but as a neuter, some name endings have changed.
- Calumma amber Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma ambreense ( Ramanantsoa , 1974)
- Calumma andringitraensis ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1972)
- Calumma boettgeri ( Boulenger , 1888)
- Short-horned chameleon ( Calumma brevicorne ( Günther , 1879))
- Calumma capuroni ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1972)
- Calumma crypticum Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma cucullatum ( Gray , 1831)
- Calumma emelinae Prötzel , Scherz , Ratsoavina , Vences & Glaw , 2020
- Calumma fallax ( Mocquard , 1900)
- Calumma furcifer ( Vaillant & Grandidier , 1880)
- Calumma gallus ( Günther , 1877)
- Calumma gastrotaenia ( Boulenger , 1888)
- Calumma gehringi Prötzel , Vences , Scherz , Vieites & Glaw , 2017
- Calumma glawi Böhme , 1997
- Calumma globifer ( Günther , 1879)
- Calumma guibei ( Hillenius , 1959)
- Calumma guillaumeti ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1974)
- Calumma hafahafa Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma hilleniusi ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1973)
- Calumma jejy Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma juliae Andreone , Prötz et al., 2018
- Calumma lefona Andreone , Prötz et al., 2018
- Calumma malthe ( Günther , 1879)
- Calumma marojezense ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1970)
- Calumma nasutum ( Duméril & Bibron , 1836)
- Calumma oshaughnessyi Günther , 1881
- Parson's chameleon ( Calumma parsonii ( Cuvier , 1824))
- Calumma peltierorum Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma peyrierasi ( Brygoo , Blanc & Domergue , 1974)
- Calumma ratnasariae Prötzel , Scherz , Ratsoavina , Vences & Glaw , 2020
- Tarzankhameleon ( Calumma tarzan Gehring , Pabijan , Ratsoavina , Köhler , Vences & Glaw , 2010)
- Calumma tjiasmantoi Prötzel , Scherz , Ratsoavina , Vences & Glaw , 2020
- Calumma tsaratananense ( Brygoo & Domergue , 1968)
- Calumma tsycorne Raxworthy & Nussbaum , 2006
- Calumma uetzi Andreone , Prötz et al., 2018
- Calumma vatosoa Andreone , F. Mattioli , R. Jesu & JE Randrianirina , 2001
- Calumma vencesi Andreone , F. Mattioli , R. Jesu & JE Randrianirina , 2001
- Calumma vohibola Gehring , Ratsoavina , Vences & Glaw , 2011
literature
- Frank Glaw , Miguel Vences : A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3. Edition. Vences & Glaw, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-929449-03-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ted M. Townsend, Krystal A. Tolley, Frank Glaw, Wolfgang Böhme , Miguel Vences: Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands. In: Biology Letters. Vol. 7, No. 2, 2010, pp. 225-228, doi : 10.1098 / rsbl.2010.0701 .
- ↑ a b c Prötzel et al .: Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) in: Vertebrate Zoology , 70 (1): 23-59. February 2020.
- ↑ a b c David Prötzel, Oliver Hawlitschek, Mark D. Scherz, Fanomezana M. Ratsoavina and Frank Glaw. 2018. Endangered Beauties: micro-CT Cranial Osteology, Molecular Genetics and External Morphology reveal Three New Species of Chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlx112, DOI: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx112
