Canine herpes virus 1
| Canine herpes virus 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Canid Alpha Herpesvirus 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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The canine herpesvirus 1 ( CHV-1 ) or Canines alphaherpesvirus 1 is a in dogs occurring DNA virus . The 120–200 nm large, enveloped virus was discovered in connection with the puppy deaths first described in 1965 . The prevalence in dog populations worldwide varies between 20% and 98% depending on the region. As far as we know, only domestic dogs , wolves and coyotes are susceptible to the virus.
Genome and structure
As with all herpes viruses, the genome consists of double-stranded, linear DNA. It is about 125,000 base pairs (bp) in size and comprises two large, unique long sequences of 97,500 and 7,700 bp. These are flanked by two insertion sequences ( inverted repeats ) of about 10,000 and 38 bp. The genome contains 76 open reading frames for structural and functional gene products. The GC content of the CHV-1 is 31.6%, the lowest of all known alpha herpes viruses.
Transmission and infection
The infection occurs through direct contact via the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose and the mating but also by droplet infection . As with all herpes viruses, the infection persists for life. As a typical representative of the genus varicellovirus, CHV-1 only infects nerve cells in which the viral genome remains as episomal DNA in the nucleus of the nerve nodes as a latent infection. If the T-cell immune system is temporarily weakened , it can reactivate and migrates along the axons through active intracellular transport to the periphery, where it is excreted again. The virus is only weakly immunogenic, it induces only low antibody concentrations, which are also not neutralizing. The infection only causes mild respiratory tract infections in older animals and is involved in what is known as the kennel cough complex.
diagnosis
It is now possible to determine the infection in dogs without symptoms by means of serological tests. A vaginal swab taken by the vet from the bitch and a foreskin swab from the male also provide material for a laboratory test with which the virus can be detected.
Hemagglutination tests , ELISA tests, and immunofluorescent antibody tests are available. Virus DNA can be detected in fresh tissue samples and fresh liquids using PCR . In dead fetuses from miscarriages, tissues can be removed from the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney for isolation of viruses, which are identified using DNA sequencing , transmission electron microscopy, and other techniques.
Prevention and treatment
There is a vaccination for breeding bitches. Attempts to treat puppy deaths caused by CHV-1 are mostly unsuccessful.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ MSD Veterinary Manual: Overview of Canine Herpesviral Infection
- ↑ KV Papageorgiou et al .: Genome Sequence of Canine Herpesvirus. PLoS One (2016) 11 (5): e0156015. PMID 27213534
- ↑ Uwe Truyen and Jill Manteufel: Studies on the role of the canine herpes virus and the parvovirus minute virus of canines in fertility disorders in dogs GKF-Info 2006
- ↑ Dogplayer: The importance of infections for reproduction in dogs, pages 10–41
- ^ University of Berlin, Veterinary Clinic for Reproduction: Herpes vaccination