Carl Gebhardt

Carl Gebhardt (born April 8, 1881 in Frankfurt am Main ; † July 25, 1934 there ) was a German philologist and philosopher. He is known as a pioneer of modern Spinoza research.

Life

Gebhardt studied law, art history and philosophy at the University of Heidelberg from 1899 . His most important teachers were Kuno Fischer and Wilhelm Windelband . In 1905 he was awarded a doctorate with a thesis on Spinoza's "Treatise on the Improvement of the Mind". phil. PhD. A short time later he began to reissue and translate Spinoza's works.

Gebhardt took part in various educational reform efforts. In 1925, together with Theodor Bäuerle , he founded the German Association for National Education . He was also involved in the Rhein-Mainischer Verband für Volksbildung with lectures (so-called "Volksvorlesungen"). As a publicist and newspaper critic, he commented on local cultural life, especially in the educational and theater sectors. For many years he was head of the archive of the Schopenhauer Society in Frankfurt am Main.

In 1933 Gebhardt fell seriously ill, but continued to work until shortly before his death in July 1934.

His wife Lilly Gebhardt (née Hellmann), the sister of the literary scholar Hanna Hellmann , was of Jewish origin and was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 1943 and survived. Their son, Hans Bernt Gebhardt (1915–1995), emigrated to France in 1939, where he survived the German occupation with false papers. Returned to Frankfurt in the 1950s, he made a name for himself there as a graphic artist and sculptor .

Act

The focus of his life was on the figure and the thinking of the Dutch- Sephardic philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Spinoza volumes edited by Gebhardt appeared in the Philosophical Library of Dürr and Meiner publishers. In 1908 he published a new edition of the "Theological-Political Tract". In 1914 he edited the letters and in the same year the "Descriptions of Life and Conversations". In 1922 he completed the edition with the “Short Treatise on God, Man and His Happiness”. From these editions he developed the first text-critical Spinoza edition. Funded by the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences , the “Opera” appeared in four volumes in 1925 (with Carl Winter in Heidelberg). The final volume, which was largely completed by Gebhardt, was not published until 1987.

Gebhardt co-founded the international Societas Spinozana in 1920 ; this company succeeded in 1926 in acquiring the house where Spinozas died in The Hague. He was also one of the founders and editors of the Chronicon Spinozanum magazine and the Bibliotheca Spinozana series .

Gebhardt is important in the field of Spinoza research not only as an editor, text critic and organizer, but also as an interpreter and historian of philosophy. Individual treatises - for example on "Spinoza and Platonism" (1921), "Rembrandt and Spinoza" (1927), "Goethe's Spinozism" (1927), "Spinoza's Religion" (1932) or on the question "What is Spinozism?" (1925) - are fundamental contributions. He advanced research on Spinoza's life story (based on the work of Jakob Freudenthal ).

Further areas of work were baroque research and the intellectual history of Judaism . Gebhardt has translated and edited the works of Uriel da Costa and Jehuda Abravanel (Leone Ebreo). He also devoted himself to the history of the Marranos , those forcibly baptized Iberian Jews who secretly adhered to Jewish beliefs and rites. The "modern consciousness" emerged from the "doubling of the Marran consciousness". Gebhardt's view that the Marran experience was a central source of Spinoza's thinking is widely accepted. As a Schopenhauer researcher, he emerged primarily with the first volume of the philosopher's correspondence, which he edited.

Various writings that appeared between 1919 and 1921 with the author's details Spinoza Redivivus and Augustinus Redivivus are usually attributed to Gebhardt, but certainly not rightly.

Monographs

• Spinoza's Treatise on the Improvement of the Mind. An evolutionary study, Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1905.
• Schopenhauer pictures. Basics of an iconography. Ed. Vd City Library Frankfurt a. M., Frankfurt a. M .: Baer, ​​1913.
• Inedita Spinozana , Heidelberg: Winter, 1916 (meeting reports of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class; born 1916, Abh. 13).
• The democratic thought , Leipzig: Meiner, 1920.
• Demanding popular education , Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft, 1923.
• Spinoza. Four speeches , Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1927 (contains :)
  • Speech at the celebration of the Societas Spinozana in the Rolzaal in s'Gravenhage on February 21, 1927
  • La dialectique intérieure du Spinozisme
  • Spinoza, Judaism and Baroque
  • The Spinozism of Goethe , pp. 57–80.
• The Schopenhauer Archive . Festschrift. For the 13th meeting of the Schopenhauer Society. Edited by Carl Gebhardt, Heidelberg: Winter, 1929.
• Spinoza , Leipzig: Reclam, 1932 (Reclam's Universal Library. Vol. 7193/94).
• Spinoza. Judaisme et Baroque [collection of articles]. Texts réunis et présentés by Saverio Ansaldi. Traduit de l'allemand par Sylvie Riboud-Sainclair, Paris: Presses de l'Univ. de Paris-Sorbonne, 2000 (Travaux et documents du Groupe de Recherches Spinozistes, n ° 9)

Essays and smaller texts

• Peter Burnitz - On the exhibition at the Frankfurter Kunstverein, in: The Cicerone. Semi-monthly publication for the interests of the art researcher and collector. IVth year. Issue 10, May 1912, pp. 384-386.
• Barock , in: Frankfurter Zeitung of April 9, 1914.
• German Baroque , in: Frankfurter Zeitung of May 30, 1914.
• Wilhelm v. Gwinner on his ninetieth birthday: October 17 , in: Frankfurter Zeitung of October 17, 1915.
• Wilhelm von Gwinner , in: Yearbook of the Schopenhauer Society 8 (1919), pp. 208–227.
• The social tasks of the Frankfurt theaters , in: Deutsche Bühne. Yearbook of the Frankfurt Municipal Theaters. First volume: 1917/1918 season, Frankfurt am Main: Rütten & Loening, 1919.
• Spinoza and Platonism. , in: Chronicon Spinozanum I (1921), pp. 178-234.
• Schopenhauer and Romanticism . A sketch, in: Yearbook of the Schopenhauer Society 10 (1921), pp. 46–54 ( online facsimile ; PDF; 575 kB).
• Le déchirement de la conscience [1922], in: Cahiers Spinoza, n ° 3 (hiver 1979–1980), Paris: Éditions Réplique, pp. 135–141.
• Juan de Prado , in: Chronicon Spinozanum III (1923), pp. 219-291.
• Pieter Ballings Het Licht op den Kandelaar , in: Chronicon Spinozanum 4 (1924–1926), pp. 187–200.
• What is Spinozism? , in: Spinoza: Of the fixed and eternal things. Transferred and introduced by Carl Gebhardt, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1925, pp. V – XLIX.
• Rembrandt and Spinoza. Style-historical considerations on the Baroque problem , in: Kant-Studien 32 (1927), pp. 161–181.
• Spinoza's spell , in: The morning. Volume 3 (1927). No. 2, pp. 144-148.
• Lawsuit against time by the sage Don Yehuda Abrabanel , in: The morning. Volume 3 (1928). No. 6, pp. 662-668.
• Rundfunk und Land , in: Freie Volksbildung. New episode of the Archives for Adult Education 3 (1928). Issue 4.
• The sofa on which Schopenhauer died , in: Stadtblatt der "Frankfurter Zeitung" 1929.
• The song of songs , in: The morning. Volume 6 (1930). No. 5, pp. 447-457, edited as a single publication, transferred and annotated, appropriated to Lilli Hellmann, Philo-Verlag Berlin, 1931, 79 pp.
• Schopenhauer against Augustinus , in: Yearbook of the Schopenhauer Society 18 (1931), pp. 263–321.
• The religion of Spinoza , in: Archive for the history of philosophy 41 (1932). Book 3, pp. 339-362. doi : 10.1515 / agph.1933.41.3.339
• The religion of Spinoza and the Rhijnsburger Kollegianten , [1932], in: Spinoza. Edited by Martin Schewe and Achim Engstler , Frankfurt am Main a. a .: Peter Lang, 1990, pp. 323-340 (Ausleungen, Vol. 2).

Spinoza editions

• All works . Seven volumes in three volumes. Edited by O. Baensch, A. Buchenau, C. Gebhardt, C. Schaarschmidt, Leipzig: Dürr, 1907–1914.
• Theological-political treatise . Transfer and imported with note and reg. by Carl Gebhardt. 3rd edition, Leipzig: Dürr, 1908 (Philosophical Library; 93).
• Treatise on the Improvement of the Mind. Treatise on the State . In 3rd edition, newly transferred and introduced as well as annotated and indexed by Carl Gebhardt, Leipzig: Meiner, 1907 [actually 1912] Philosophical Library 95.
• Correspondence . Transfer u. with introduction, note and Reg. Vers. by Carl Gebhardt, Leipzig: Meiner, 1914 (Philosophical Library; 96a).
• Biographies and conversations. Translated and ed. by Carl Gebhardt, Leipzig: Meiner, 1914 (Philosophical Library; 96b).
• Short treatise on God, man and his happiness . Transfer u. ed. by Carl Gebhardt. 4th edition, Leipzig: Meiner, 1922 (Philosophical Library; 91).
• All works . In connection with O. Baensch and A. Buchenau ed. by C. Gebhardt. Seven volumes in three volumes, Leipzig: Felix Meiner, 1907 / 14–1922.
• Spinoza opera . On behalf of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, ed. by Carl Gebhardt. [Originally] Four volumes, Heidelberg, Carl Winter-Verlag, 1925 [Unchanged reprint: Heidelberg: Carl Winter-Verlag, 1972].
  • Volume 1: Korte Verhandeling van God, De Mensch en des zelfs Welstand, Renati Des Cartes Principiorum philosophiae pars I [en] II, Cogitata metaphysica, Compendium grammatices linguae Hebraeae, Heidelberg: Winter, 1925.
  • Volume 2: Tractatus de intellectus emendatione, Ethica, Heidelberg: Winter, 1925.
  • Volume 3: Tractatus theologico-politicus, Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologico-politicum, Tractatus politicus, Heidelberg: Winter, 1925.
  • Volume 4: Epistolae, Stelkonstige Reeckening van den Regenboog, Reeckening van Kanssen - (review), Heidelberg: Winter, 1925.
  • Volume 5: Supplementa. Commentary on the Tractatus theologico-politicus. Commentary on the Adnotationes ad tractatum theologico-politicum. Commentary on the Tractatus politicus. Introduction to the two tracts, Heidelberg: Winter, 1987.
• Spinoza. Of the fixed and eternal things . Transferred and introduced by Carl Gebhardt [Paraphrase of Ethics including other texts and letters], Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1925.

Other editions

• The writings of Uriel da Costa . With introduction, translation and regesta edited by Carl Gebhardt, Heidelberg: Carl Winter / Amsterdam: Hertzberger / London: Oxford University Press, 1922 (Bibliotheca Spinozana; 2).
• Schopenhauer and Brockhaus. On the contemporary history of the "world as will and imagination" ". An exchange of letters; with pictures and documents from the Schopenhauer archive. Ed. By Carl Gebhardt, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1926 (Yearbook of the Schopenhauer Society; 13).
• Jakob Freudenthal: Spinoza. Life and teaching. Edited by Carl Gebhardt based on the estate of J. Freudenthal. 2nd edition, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1927 (Bibliotheca Spinozana curis societatis Spinozanae; T. 5).
• Wilhelm Bolin : Spinoza. Time, life, work. 2nd ed., Revised. by Carl Gebhardt, Darmstadt [u. a.]: Hofmann, 1927 (Geisteshelden; 9).
• Arthur Schopenhauer's correspondence. First volume (1799-1849). Edited by Carl Gebhardt (Arthur Schopenhauer's complete works. Vol. 14), Munich: Piper, 1929.
• Leone Ebreo: Dialoghi d'amore. Hebrew poems. Ed. With a presentation of the life and work of Leone, Bibliogr., Reg. Zu den Dialoghi, transfer of the Hebrew texts, registers, documents and notes by Carl Gebhardt, Heidelberg: Winter / Amsterdam: Hertzberger / London: Oxford University Press, 1929 (Bibliotheca Spinozana; 3).
• The song of songs . Transferred with introduction and commentary by Carl Gebhardt, Berlin: Philo-Verlag, 1931.
• Johannes Colerus : The life of Benedict von Spinoza. In the old German translation [by Johann Faccius ] with introduction and notes ed. by Carl Gebhardt, Heidelberg: Weissbach, 1952.

literature

• Hans Zint: Carl Gebhardt and Friedrich Lipsius , in: Jahrbuch der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft 22 (1935), 401-421 (see there also the short obituary: IIIf.).

Web links

• Literature by and about Carl Gebhardt in the catalog of the German National Library
• Spinoza Opera Carl Gebhardt's 1925 four-volume edition of Spinoza's works.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Judith N. Klein describes the decades of printing history of this fifth volume: A book shows its colors. The story of an unprecedented publishing odyssey, in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of November 14, 2007, N5.
2. ↑ Quoted from: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of November 9, 2005.
3. ↑ The author's question has not yet been fully clarified. In Spinoza after three hundred years (Berlin: Verlag Dümmler, 1932) Stanislaus von Dunin-Borkowski refers to a “Notary Glatzel” (p. 177). Manfred Walther probably takes over from here in his edition of Spinoza's correspondence (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1986) the reference to Glatzel .