Carychium

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Carychium
Bellied dwarf horn snail (Carychium minimum)

Bellied dwarf horn snail ( Carychium minimum )

Systematics
Superordinate : Heterobranchia
Order : Lung snails (pulmonata)
Subordination : Eupulmonata
Superfamily : Ellobioidea
Family : Dwarf horn snails (Carychiidae)
Genre : Carychium
Scientific name
Carychium
OV Müller , 1773

Carychium is a genus of tiny, land-living snails that belong to the dwarf horn snails (Carychiidae) within the lung snails (Pulmonata). Due to their small size, they are also (non-systematically) called micro gastropods.

features

The right-hand wound housings are max. only 2.5 mm tall (high) and 1.5 mm wide. They are highly conical to spindle-shaped and have a smooth to spiral-ribbed surface. They are whitish to colorless and translucent. Typical taxonomic characteristics include the ratio of shell height to width, the number of turns, the amount of ribbing, and the shape and position of the inner columellar vortex. The shell morphological features show a certain amount of intraspecific variation and do not always seem to be able to clearly differentiate between different species

Little horn snails are seasonal hermaphrodites , but mating is one-sided. An animal functions as a male (in the first phase of life), an animal as a female (in the later phase of life). The penis recedes in the partner who acts as a female during copulation. The eggs have a diameter of approx. 0.4 mm and are therefore very large with a size of approx. 2 mm. Up to four generations can be formed per year.

Geographical distribution, habitat and way of life

The species of the genus Carychium are distributed holarctic . In the Palearctic, the distribution area extends from Western Europe to Japan. On the American continents, the distribution area extends from Canada to Panama. Most species have been described for Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia (Japan).

The dwarf horn snails occur in permanently moist habitats such as swamps, wet meadows, alluvial forests and the bank areas of waters. They live in the (permanently moist) leaf litter, in or on dead wood and between bank plants from the plains to the mountains. Carychium populations are also known from Asian, European, and North American caves. Because of its subterranean way of life, the species Carychium stygium was described in the Mammoth Cave in the USA .

Taxonomy and systematics

The taxon carychium was established by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1773 . Type species of the genus is Carychium minimum Müller, 1774 by monotype . It should be noted that OF Müller published the type species C. at least one year after the introduction of the genus Carychium in science. Some authors also divide the taxon into sub-genera:

  • Carychium (Carychium) Müller, 1774 (recent and fossil)
  • Carychium (Saraphia) Risso, 1826 (recent and fossil)
  • Carychium (Carychiella) shrub, 1977 (fossil only)
  • Carychium (Carychiopsis) Sandberger, 1872 (fossil only)

A division of the recent species into carychium and saraphia could not be confirmed molecularly and should be discarded. Molecular confirmation, however, was found in the demarcation from the purely subterranean sister group Zospeum, based on ecological and morphological criteria .

On the basis of morphological characteristics, the genus is currently assigned about 30 recent species. The genetic investigation of a large number of species from the entire range of the genus revealed a high number (50%) of morphologically undiscovered evolutionary lines (or species). In particular, widespread morpho species showed a high intraspecific genetic variability . In malakologisch little explored regions of the world (. Eg Central Asia) are more discoveries to be expected.

Very little is known about many fossil forms.

supporting documents

literature

  • RA Bank, E. Gittenberger: Notes on Azorean and European Carychium species (Gastropoda Basommatophora: Ellobiidae). In: Basteria. 49, Leiden 1985, pp. 85-100.
  • A. Jochum: Evolution and diversity of the troglobitic Carychiidae - A morphological and phylogenetic investigation of the terrestrial ellobiiod genera, Carychium and Zospeum. In: The Malacologist. 57, London 2011, pp. 16-18. (PDF)
  • F. Strauch: The development of the European representatives of the genus Carychium OF Müller since the Miocene. In: Archives for Molluscology. 107 (4/6), Frankfurt am Main 1977, pp. 149-193.
  • AM Weigand, A. Jochum, R. Slapnik, J. Schnitzler, E. Zarza, A. Klussmann-Kolb: Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Volume 13, 2013, p. 18. ( biomedcentral.com , PDF; 2.7 MB)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ RA Bank, E. Gittenberger: Notes on Azorean and European Carychium species (Gastropoda Basommatophora: Ellobiidae). In: Basteria. 49, Leiden 1985, pp. 85-100.
  2. ↑ AM Weigand, M.-C. Goetze, A Jochum: Outdated but established ?! Conchologically driven species delineations in microgastropods (Carychiidae, Carychium). In: Organisms Diversity and Evolution. Volume 12, 2012, pp. 377-386.
  3. ↑ JC Nekola, M. Barthel: morphometric analysis of the genus Carychium in the Great Lakes region. In: Journal of Conchology. Volume 37, 2002, pp. 515-531.
  4. ↑ K. Bulman: Shell variability in Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826) and its importance for infraspecific taxonomy (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Ellobiidae). In: Malacological treatises of the Museum für Tierkunde Dresden. Vol. 15, 1990, pp. 37-50.
  5. ^ W. Doll: Observations on the way of life and reproduction of Carychium tridentatum Risso in the Upper Rhine region (Pulmonata: Ellobiidae). In: Archives for Molluscology. 112 (1/6), 1982, pp. 1-8.
  6. ↑ a b c d e AM Weigand, A. Jochum, R. Slapnik, J. Schnitzler, E. Zarza, A. Klussmann-Kolb: Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Volume 13, 2013, p. 18 ( biomedcentral.com PDF; 2.7 MB)
  7. ↑ a b OF Müller: Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. In: Voluminis Imi pars Ima. 1773, pp. [1-33], 1-135. Havniæ & Lipsiæ. (Heineck & Faber).
  8. ↑ a b OF Müller: Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. In: volume alterum. 1774, pp. I – XXXVI, 1-214, Havniæ / Copenhagen & Lipsiæ / Leipzig, Heineck & Faber [online at Biodiversity Heritage Library] (p. 125).
  9. ↑ Fauna Europaea - Genus Carychium
  10. ↑ Worldwide mollusc species database
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Ewa Stworzewicz: Miocene land snails from Belchatów (Central Poland), III: Carychiinae (Gastropoda; Pulmonata: Ellobiidae). In: Paleontological Journal. 73 (3/4), Stuttgart 1999, pp. 261-276.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Wilhelm Wenz: Gastropoda extramarina tertiaria. In: Carl Diener (Ed.): Fossilium catalogus, 1 Animalium. 21, Berlin 1923, pp. 952-957, 1069-1420. (biodiversitylibrary.org)
  13. ↑ DC Dourson: Four New Land Snail Species from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. In: Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science. Volume 128, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-10. (Abstract)
  14. ↑ a b c Jochum, Adrienne, et al. "Three new species of Carychium OF Müller, 1773 from the Southeastern USA, Belize and Panama are described using computer tomography (CT) (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)." ZooKeys 675 (2017): 97. (PDF)
  15. ↑ Benson, WH "XXII. — Characters of Diplommatina, a new genus of Terrestrial Mollusks belonging to the family of Carychiadæ, and of a second species contained in it; also of a new species of Carychium inhabiting the Western Himalaya." Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4.21 (1849): 193-195. (tandfonline.com)
  16. ↑ Hauffen, H. "Contributions to Krain's grotto. About Carychium carinatum ." Annual booklet of the Association of the Krainian State Museum, Laibach 2 (1858): 96.
  17. ^ Sandberger, Fridolin. The land and freshwater conchylia of the primal world. Text. Kreidel, 1875.
  18. ↑ Von Moellendorff, OF "New land snails from Java." Bulletin of the German Malacoological Society 29 (1897): 57-72.
  19. ↑ von Möllendorff, Otto Franz. Directory of the land mollusks living in the Philippines. 1898.
  20. ↑ Jochum, Adrienne, et al. "Fulfilling the taxonomic consequence after DNA Barcoding: Carychium panamaense sp. N. (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae) from Panama is described using computed tomographic (CT) imaging." ZooKeys 795 (2018): 1. (PDF)
  21. ↑ G. Truc: Nouveaux gastéropodes continentaux you Pliocene terminal de Celleneuve (Hérault, Sud-Est de la France). In: Documents des laboratoires de géologie de la Faculté des Sciences de Lyon. Volume 50, 1972, pp. 83-91.
  22. ↑ Freyer, Custos. About newly discovered conchylia from the families Carychium and Pterocera: (From the January issue of 1855 the seat. Ber. Of the math. Natural class of the k. Acad. Der Wiss. (Volume XV, p. 18.)). 1855.
  23. ↑ a b Ewa Stworzewicz, Valentin A. Prisyazhnyuk, Marcin Górka: Systematic and palaeoecological study of Miocene terrestrial gastropods from Zwierzyniec (Southern Poland). In: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae. Volume 83, 2013, pp. 179-200. PDF ( Memento from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive )

Web links

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