Chemical factory Stoltzenberg

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The chemical factory Dr. Hugo Stoltzenberg (CFS, 1923–1979) was a chemical factory in Hamburg which, according to its own account, has dealt with the production of and handling of “ultra poisons”. It became known primarily through two events, the so-called Stoltzenberg scandals of 1928 and 1979. The first was triggered by the escape of a poison gas cloud on the company premises in Hamburg, which resulted in ten people dead. In the second, three children had an accident while playing with chemicals discovered on company premises . The company also became known in historical research for its participation in illegal chemical armaments projects of the Reichswehr in the Soviet Union and in Spain during the Weimar Republic . Research also focused on the connection between its founder Hugo Stoltzenberg (1883–1974) and the German chemist Fritz Haber (1868–1934) as part of the German poison gas project during the First World War .

history

From the foundation to 1926

The CFS was founded on January 15, 1923 in Hamburg. Its founder was the chemist Hugo Gustav Adolf Stoltzenberg. Stoltzenberg had studied chemistry in Halle and Gießen and had worked under Haber on the German poison gas project during the First World War, particularly in the Breloh gas filling station in the Lüneburg Heath . Here he acquired in-depth knowledge in the field of chemical warfare agents.

After the First World War, Stoltzenberg was entrusted with the destruction of the warfare agents still stored in Breloh, because the possession of chemical weapons had been forbidden to the German Reich by the Treaty of Versailles . This work lasted from 1920 to 1922. At Haber's mediation, Stoltzenberg also participated in various illegal chemical armament projects of the Reichswehr in Spain and the Soviet Union. With these projects the Reichswehr tried to undermine the disarmament provisions of the Versailles Treaty in the field of chemical warfare agents. So were z. B. Breloh delivered warfare agents to Spain, and Stoltzenberg built warfare agent factories for the Spanish army in the towns of Mellila and Maranosa. In addition, Stoltzenberg developed strategies for the Spanish to use poison gases in their colonial war in Spanish Morocco (1922–1927). With the funds generated from this work, Stoltzenberg was finally able to found his new company CFS in Hamburg.

The company itself was located on a factory site in the Port of Hamburg at the Müggenburger Schleuse. The first halls and equipment came from Breloh, where Stoltzenberg had acquired them after completing his work there. In addition to the site in the port, CFS also had office space at Mönckebergstrasse 19. In the first few years after its foundation, the company experienced a rapid upswing. As early as 1923/24, further administration and laboratory buildings were built on the company premises, and the premises themselves were expanded through acquisitions. The company also had several branches abroad. After Stoltzenberg's trips to the USA and Turkey, branch offices were set up in New York and Istanbul in 1924, and there were also offices in Berlin and Madrid. The upswing of the CFS during this time was primarily made possible by Stoltzenberg's renewed participation in secret armaments projects of the Reichswehr. On the one hand, he continued his work in Spain, on the other hand, he received the order for the armaments project in the Soviet Union.

At the beginning of 1923, the German Reich and the Soviet Union concluded a secret agreement for the testing and production of chemical warfare agents. Since production in Germany was prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles, a plant outside the control of the Allies in the Soviet Union was to be built in Iwaschtschenkowo near Samara. CFS was entrusted with carrying out the construction work. In addition, the Reichswehr planned a camouflaged internal German warfare agent plant in Graefenhainichen , which should also be built by the CFS. The willingness of the small company to get involved in these illegal projects gave it a brief boost, but this was not to last. The project initiated in the Soviet Union in 1923 failed as early as 1926 due to mismanagement, floods and, last but not least, the changed foreign policy situation from 1925 as a result of the German Reich's increasing orientation towards the West. Eventually the government withdrew from the projects. However, the CFS had borrowed heavily for the construction work. When the corresponding funds from the Reichswehr and the government failed to materialize, the company had to file for bankruptcy. After a compulsory settlement in 1926, the CFS initially only consisted of the offices in Mönckebergstrasse. The site at the Müggenburg lock and the facilities in Graefenhainichen went to the creditors, the facilities in Hamburg were subsequently run as Müggenburg GmbH.

Despite the poor starting position after the events of 1926, Stoltzenberg managed to overcome the CFS crisis in the period that followed. The company remained true to its field of work of chemical warfare agents, but expanded its field of activity increasingly to include gas protection. Stoltzenberg also did business in Spain after 1926, which was a fortunate development for the company, as this made new financial resources available. The CFS sold basic chemicals such as Oxol to the Spaniards for the manufacture of warfare agents. Since the factory at the Müggenburger Schleuse was no longer available after the bankruptcy in 1926, the Oxol was manufactured in a Wenk plant in Eidelstedt leased from Stoltzenberg. Stoltzenberg was also still working on completing the factories in Spain. The armaments projects with the Reichswehr were the defining projects for the CFS for the period up to 1926. Both the expansion of the company as a result of the contracts and the crisis following the failure of the cooperation speak in favor of this. In addition to the construction of warfare agents and the research of warfare agents for combat use and protection against warfare agents, pest control and nebulization were further areas of work of the CFS. In addition, some basic chemicals were sold, such as aluminum chloride and ferric chloride. Pest control and fog substances did not represent a fundamental departure from research into chemical warfare agents. Highly toxic substances that are used as pest control agents can usually also be used as chemical warfare agents and vice versa. After the First World War, this fact led to pest control becoming a cloak for research into chemical warfare agents.

Research into the behavior of fog clouds also offered an opportunity to gain knowledge about the behavior and generation of the corresponding warfare agent clouds. However, it would not be enough to understand the activities of the CFS in these areas as pure camouflage maneuvers. The research into pest control and nebulization offered protection for research into chemical warfare agents, but also at the same time the opportunity to really convert the knowledge gained into products for pest control and nebulization. These could then be sold as well as the warfare agents and their production facilities themselves. CFS has sold its knowledge in the field of pest control abroad, for example to Spain, where the company had already had a branch since the armaments contracts there. Stoltzenberg also tried to get orders from German authorities to combat forest pests. He had apparently got to know the method he proposed for eliminating the pests by sprinkling arsenic compounds in the USA. In 1925 there was a plague of nuns in the forests of the Brandenburg region, and this seemed to offer the possibility for the CFS to apply their method. In the end, however, the company was not commissioned to carry out the fight.

The company in the second half of the 1920s

After the CFS withdrew from the production of warfare agents and the corresponding factories in cooperation with the Reichswehr after 1926, work was concentrated on the areas of gas defense, training and advice on gas protection and pest control. In addition to doing business in Spain, CFS was also trading in old Breloh gas stocks that were still in the company's possession. This involved around 8000 bottles filled with the lung warfare agent phosgene , which Stoltzenberg had stored in Sennelager in Westphalia. In December 1926, the Army Weapons Office requested the CFS to remove the bottles, which had since become a security risk due to their poor condition. The phosgene stocks were filled into tank wagons by the company from 1927 to the beginning of 1928 and transferred to Hamburg together with other steel bottles also filled with phosgene. The stocks were stored on a property on the Müggenburger Canal opposite the old CFS company premises. CFS had leased the storage property and tank wagons from Müggenburg GmbH. The phosgene was to be sold to the USA. As one of the first expansion measures of the CFS after 1926, a new chemical laboratory was set up, which dealt with the further development of warfare and smoke substances. This laboratory was also important for the company department, which should continue to deal with the construction of chemical warfare plants. Despite the bad experience with the Soviet Union project, the CFS remained active in this area. As early as 1927 there was a request from the Yugoslav government to set up a warfare agent factory near Ravnjak (today: Bosnia-Herzegovina). In autumn of the same year the contract for the construction of the plant was signed. The initially regular payments to the CFS from this project represented an important source of capital for the next few years.

In the field of gas protection, there was also a good business opportunity for CFS at this time through the offer made in 1927 by a former employee, the precision mechanic Johannes Stapelfeldt, for a full-view gas mask he developed, a new type of gas mask with a full field of vision. This was of great interest to Stoltzenberg because there had been little progress in the field of gas masks in Germany since the First World War. The production of a new type of gas mask thus offered great profit opportunities for the CFS, especially since since the Paris Aviation Agreement of 1926 the German Reich had again been allowed to take measures for civilian gas protection and corresponding plans for a gas protection program had existed since 1924. This gave the CFS the opportunity to do business again with the German military. Stoltzenberg finally took over the invention of the full-face mask against license payments to Stapelfeldt and began to develop it further, which lasted until the early 1930s.

The first Stoltzenberg scandal - the Hamburg phosgene accident of 1928

Police officer and relief team at the scene of the accident with gas masks

On May 20, 1928, around 4 p.m., phosgene escaped from one of the tank wagons that had been brought to Hamburg from Sennelager. The valve of the corresponding tank wagon had jumped off for unexplained reasons and the phosgene contained boiled off at outside temperatures of 20 ° C. The boiler contained around 10,400 liters of phosgene. A cloud of poison gas moved over the Müggenburger Canal towards Wilhelmsburg. By half past nine the gas escaped and moved into the residential areas. In total, at least ten people were killed and over 300 fell ill in this accident.

The exact causes of the tank car valve jumping off could never be clarified. During the political and legal disputes that followed the disaster, various reports were obtained, which, however, came to different results. Possible causes named include: poor welds, corrosion, overfilling of the boiler with phosgene, decomposition of phosgene due to the high outside temperature or due to contamination with water or other substances. It can no longer be determined whether one of these possibilities, a combination, or a completely different cause was the cause of the accident. Neither the Reichswehr nor the politically responsible persons at Hamburg and at the Reich level could have been interested in the fact that the background of the chemical armaments projects with Stoltzenberg would come to light in the damage claims that followed the accident. The Reichswehr managed to avert claims for damages.

The people damaged by the phosgene and the relatives of the deceased fought for years in court for compensation from the city of Hamburg. The CFS sided with the defendant in these proceedings. This process, which ultimately dragged on for six years, was not brought to a proper end, but was finally put down by the National Socialists. The Reichswehr, the politically responsible and finally the CFS and Stoltzenberg himself remained unmolested.

The accident was thematized in the 1929 film Poison Gas .

The company until the end of the Second World War

The CFS not only managed to emerge relatively unscathed from the events of 1928, in a compensation process against the Hamburg state it even received financial compensation for the phosgene steel bottles sunk in the sea after the accident in 1928. The corresponding process was decided in 1933 through a settlement in favor of Stoltzenberg. The events of 1928 did not cause the company any lasting problems. Stoltzenberg was only warned by the authorities and the closure of his company on May 31, 1928 was lifted. The company even managed to expand at the beginning of 1929. On February 12, 1929, Stoltzenberg acquired an industrial building and associated property on Schnackenburgallee in Hamburg-Eidelstedt. On February 1, 1929, Stoltzenberg had already applied for permission to set up a chemical laboratory on this property. This was granted to him on February 9, 1929. With the orders from Yugoslavia and the new opportunities in the field of gas protection, the conditions for a revival of the company seemed favorable. In April 1930 Stoltzenberg applied for a permit to set up a small explosives store, which was granted on May 19, 1930. In 1931 an application for the construction of a plant for the production of chloroacetophenone followed , which was approved by the authorities on February 25, 1932.

Despite this renewed boom, new problems arose for CFS in the course of the 1930s. Attempts to reconnect with the military and sell gas technology abroad eventually put the company back in trouble that threatened its continued existence. After Stoltzenberg had taken over the full-view mask from Stapelfeldt and developed it further, after the National Socialists came to power, there initially seemed to be a chance of receiving large orders from the German military with the mask. In June 1933, Stoltzenberg was invited to Berlin and the prospect of receiving an order for the delivery of gas masks in addition to the Dräger and Auer plants. Overall, the CFS was supposed to supply a third of the total gas mask requirement for the Reich Air Protection Association. However, it did not come to the hoped-for conclusion of the contract, which is why it failed, can no longer be clarified today. After the attempt to sell the CFS gas masks domestically failed, Stoltzenberg tried it abroad. The opportunity arose from a gas mask competition that the Greek government had announced. Stoltzenberg won the competition with his Unikum flexible glass mask, but this success for the CFS turned into the opposite shortly afterwards. Apparently, the CFS had undercut government minimum prices. a fact that brought Stoltzenberg the charge of treason. In addition, the suspicion arose that the CFS would illegally deliver war material to Abyssinia. Whether this was the case or whether it was a maneuver by the competition against the CFS can no longer be clearly clarified today either. In any case, the allegations had serious consequences for Stoltzenberg. He was no longer allowed to run the CFS alone and had to appoint a managing director. This business supervision of the CFS lasted from June 1934 to August 1938. Apparently Stoltzenberg had no luck in choosing the managing directors. The following time was marked by intrigues and slander by the managing directors against Stoltzenberg and his attempts to regain full management of his company.

During the business oversight, CFS's business in the areas of gas protection, teaching materials and nebulization continued equally. In July 1935, for example, the CFS applied for approval to manufacture test ampoules for testing gas masks with bromoacetone , stimulus cartridges, smoke candles, practice incendiary devices and phosphorus incendiary devices, and in 1938 the construction of a second explosives store for black powder and picric acid . Both were approved. In the same year Stoltzenberg's uncomfortable situation had come to a head when he was accused of having carried out foreign exchange shifting abroad. These problems also went back to the gas mask business in 1933. After Stoltzenberg had established contacts in Greece, he built a gas mask factory in Athens, which was then sold to another company. In this sale, the Greek partner of CFS had apparently embezzled 20,000 marks for his benefit. For this he had used Stoltzenberg's name and forged his signature. Stoltzenberg was suspected of having embezzled the money himself and was taken into custody on March 2, 1938. He was detained for a total of one month. The allegations against him could be refuted and the forgery of the signatures uncovered. Stoltzenberg was released from custody in April 1938 and the allegations against him dropped. Shortly afterwards, through his contacts with the Reich Office for Economic Development (RfW), he succeeded in completely regaining management of his company on August 11, 1938.

The CFS seems to have received further orders from the Reich Aviation Ministry in the following period . At least Stoltzenberg cited larger research contracts for the RLFM in the pyrotechnic field in negotiations with the city of Hamburg about renting an urban property adjacent to the company's premises in April 1939. During the Second World War, the CFS continued to supply gas masks and other devices for gas protection. Another important field of activity was fogging to protect production facilities in the event of air raids. In addition to smoke candles, so-called smoke acid barrel devices were used for this. In addition, there was the production of signaling and lighting equipment, which were also used for deception maneuvers during air raids. The CFS was also badly hit in the bombing of Hamburg. At the end of the Second World War, the factory in Eidelstedt, the offices and other business premises of the company were destroyed.

The company after the end of the war

After the Second World War, CFS switched its production mainly to pesticides, pharmaceutical and chemical-technical products. In Bahrenfeld, body powder was produced in a separate production facility on Theodorstrasse. The CFS had its company offices and a laboratory in Othmarschen, a refilling facility for chlorine in tank wagons in Bergedorf and a filling point at the Büchen train station to fill drums with titanium tetrachloride and chlorosulfonic acid from tank wagons. First, Stoltzenberg earned new capital to build up his destroyed company by collecting the smoke barrels left over from the air raids across the country . On behalf of the military government, the CFS was commissioned in 1945/46 to collect and dispose of a total of 7,000 smoke barrels in Hamburg, the same applied to Schleswig-Holstein. The chlorosulfonic acid was isolated from the smoke barrels and sold to industry. Phosphorus was also collected and either poured into sticks and sold or converted into phosphorus chlorides, phosphorus sulphides and other compounds. In 1946 CFS employed 52 people in Eidelstedt and began to grow again in the late 1940s. Production was expanded and new extensions were built on the company premises, for example for a workshop, office space, carpentry, shipping and storage facilities. However, the conditions on the company's premises during this period do not seem to have been particularly good. The Altona health department described the company in an expert opinion as poorly maintained and makeshift. The work with the enormous quantities of smoke barrels, in 1949 over 110,000 kilograms were stored on the site, repeatedly led to complaints from neighbors and conflicts with the authorities. Despite official instructions to dispose of the barrels, they were still stored on the site for years.

The company in the 1950s and 1960s

The situation of the CFS was extremely difficult in the early 1950s. There were repeated conflicts with the authorities, as the requirements of the offices were not complied with and there were repeated fires on the premises. In 1951, during an inspection, the trade inspectorate found that a plant for the production of titanium hydrate had already been put into operation before the approval was granted and filed a criminal complaint against Stoltzenberg. At the same time, the on-site inspection showed that toxic gases were constantly escaping from old barrels on the site and that the situation was untenable. Despite these obvious deficiencies, the company was repeatedly granted permits, granted deadlines and permitted the storage of hazardous substances. Between 1950 and 1956 the company's economic situation was poor. CFS repeatedly fell into arrears with the properties rented by the City of Hamburg. Therefore, in October 1956, the company was examined by the tax authorities. In his report, the appraiser came to a devastating verdict, the earnings situation was described as unsatisfactory, the production facility was described as primitive, and the company described as practically consisting of ruins and dilapidated wooden barracks.

The prerequisites for an improvement in the company's financial situation again brought about cooperation with military authorities. The company initially supplied tear gas missiles and smoke preparations to the Bundeswehr from 1955/56. Two larger projects were then agreed, from 1959 the development of breath filters against the neurotoxins of the Trilon group and from 1962 the production of a nuclear explosion dummy - a large smoke device - for military exercises. However, there were problems with price checks in these shops due to inadequate business documents and also due to defects in the goods delivered to the Bundeswehr, which in the 1960s meant that the company was less and less taken into account in orders. In general, CFS sold irritant gases, incense cones, pesticides and breathing apparatus for industry during this time.

In 1959, 60 tons of blue cross warfare agents were found in a former extinguishing water pond on property ( ⊙ ) in the City of Hamburg rented by CFS until 1951 . According to a former Stoltzenberg employee, these warfare agents were poured into the pond a few months after the surrender. However, the company's responsibility has not been clearly proven. The disposal costs of 20,000 DM remained with the city. In connection with the development of the dummy atomic bomb, residents complained to the Office for Occupational Safety and Health in April 1962 about loud explosions and orange-red gas clouds that were coming from the CFS premises. At the request of the office, the CFS refused, with reference to its confidentiality obligation vis-à-vis the Federal Office for Defense Technology, to inform the Office for Occupational Safety and Health about the composition of the substances used. In the course of the 1960s there were regular chemical fires, especially those caused by flammable phosphorus. The poor condition of the site, the poor security against access by unauthorized persons and the poor storage conditions for the chemicals were repeatedly criticized by various authorities. The financial situation of CFS was also repeatedly described as difficult. In spite of everything, nothing was done on the part of the authorities to finally put an end to these bad conditions on the site.

On January 1, 1969, Martin Leuschner (1913–1982) took over CFS von Stoltzenberg. Leuschner had been with the company since 1925. The company premises shrank in the course of this takeover. The part still used by CFS was rented by the City of Hamburg. The part of the land that Stoltzenberg owned was not taken over by Leuschner. Stoltzenberg himself died in 1974, and the family sold the property in 1978.

The last few years until the Stoltzenberg scandal in 1979

In the 1970s, the condition of CFS progressively deteriorated. In 1970 the journal Konkret published a report on the CFS, which reported on the company's alleged production of warfare agents for the German armed forces. The following checks on the company revealed that in 1966 the CFS had produced 15 kilograms of nitrogen mustard as a weapon for the German armed forces. The CFS had also received ten grams each of the poison gases tabun and sarin from the Bundeswehr for the development of warfare agents and for testing gas mask filters. Small quantities of S-mustard had been produced since 1957 , and three to four kilograms had been delivered to Schuchardt in Munich. In the opinion of the Federal Office of Commerce, the quantities of mustard produced were only sufficient for research purposes, but no approval under the War Weapons Control Act had been granted. During an inspection by the Office for Occupational Safety and Health in the same year, the production of bromoacetone was also discovered without a corresponding permit. In the end, however, the authorities did not consider any further action necessary. In 1970/71 there were smaller demonstrations against the company and petitions against the CFS by a local citizens' initiative to the Senate, as well as smaller inquiries about the company to the Senate in the citizenship. However, these initiatives had no further consequences. There were repeated complaints about CFS throughout the 1970s. The lack of security on the site was again pointed out and attention was also drawn to leaking chemicals. In addition, there were again fires on the site. The largest was in December 1976 when 400 wooden boxes, each filled with four smoke pots, caught fire. Residents regularly complained about the vapors emanating from the company premises and hindering breathing. Many complaints and fires as well as financial difficulties of the company, especially from the end of the 1960s, leave the impression of increasing decline during this time.

In 1979, in response to inquiries made to the Hamburg authorities, Leuschner said that he intended to close the company on December 1, 1979. The end of the company should come even sooner, however. On September 6, 1979, an explosion occurred near the CFS in the basement of a residential building on Lüdersring, in which one child died and two others were injured. It turned out that the children had experimented with chemicals. They had apparently found them on the CFS premises, which they had been able to enter due to the lack of security. This accident went down in Hamburg's history as the second Stoltzenberg scandal . Subsequent investigations uncovered the extent of decades of regulatory failures to control the company. During the inspection of the site, a large number of toxic substances were found and on the day of the accident over 75 tons of these materials were removed by the Bundeswehr. The discovery of warfare agents was particularly explosive: a total of 35 liters of tabun, most of it filled in eight grenades, four liters of nitrogen mustard, two liters of thiophosgene, two kilograms of chloropicrin, 12 steel bottles with phosgene and chlorine, 50 kilograms of bromoacetone and ten Kilograms of white phosphorus. How these substances came to the site has not been clarified. The investigator appointed by the Hamburg Senate in the Stoltzenberg scandal, Dr. Peter Rabels, in his report of September 18, 1979, came to the conclusion that the authorities involved had only insufficiently fulfilled their tasks and that the danger that would have led to the accident had arisen through incorrect assessments, inadequate tests and failure to take countermeasures.

The events of 1979 plunged the Hamburg Senate under Mayor Hans-Ulrich Klose into a crisis and the then Justice Senator Frank Dahrendorf was dismissed. However, the accident did not have any further legal consequences. The Senate refrained from further disciplinary measures against the officials responsible. Leuschner was released from charges against him in November 1980 and declared permanently incapable of interrogation for health reasons. The legal proceedings against eleven Hamburg officials on suspicion of negligent homicide, bodily harm and causing an explosive explosion were discontinued in 1983. However, the accident brought the problem of old warfare agents from the world wars and the problems of chemical armaments to public awareness. In the period that followed, an intensive search for old chemical armaments took place in the Federal Republic. In 1979 the history of CFS came to a spectacular end. The company was closed, the buildings demolished and the site detoxified.

See also

literature

Essays

  • Astrid Lütje, Thomas Wohlleben: Stoltzenberg Chemical Factory - Two disasters without a culprit? In: Arne Andersen (Ed.): Environmental history: The example of Hamburg . Results-Verl., Hamburg 1990, pp. 134-150.
  • Dieter Martinetz : On the development and use of sulfur mustard (yellow cross) as the most important chemical warfare agent in the First World War . In: MGM. No. 55, 1996, pp. 355-380.
  • Rolf-Dieter Müller : The German gas war preparations 1919–1945. With poison gas to world power? In: MGM. No. 27, 1980, pp. 25-54.
  • Rolf-Dieter Müller: The secret chemical armament in the Weimar Republic . In: Hessian Foundation for Peace and Conflict Research (Hrsg.): Lessons from history? Historical peace research . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1990, pp. 232-250.
  • Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, pp. 281-299.
  • Margit Szöllösi-Janze : From the flour moth to the Holocaust. Fritz Haber and chemical pest control during and after the First World War. In: Jürgen Kocka , Hans-Jürgen Puhle , Klaus Tenfelde (eds.): From the workers' movement to the modern welfare state. Festschrift for Gerhard A. Ritter on his 65th birthday . Saur, Munich 1994, pp. 658-683.

Monographs

  • Hans Günter Brauch , Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verlag Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985.
  • Francis L. Carsten: Reichswehr and Politics. 1918-1933. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Berlin, Cologne 1964.
  • Michael Geyer: Upgrade or Security. The Reichswehr in the Crisis of Power Politics 1924–1936 . Steiner, Wiesbaden 1980.
  • Rudibert Kunz, Rolf-Dieter Müller: Poison gas against Abd el Krim. Germany, Spain and the gas war in Spanish Morocco 1922–1927 . Rombach, Freiburg / Breisgau 1990.
  • Dieter Martinetz: From the poison arrow to the ban on chemical weapons: On the history of chemical warfare agents . German, Frankfurt / Main 1995.
  • Dieter Martinetz: The gas war 1914/18. Development, manufacture and use of chemical warfare agents. The interaction of military command, science and industry . Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1996.
  • Rolf-Dieter Müller: The gateway to world power. The significance of the Soviet Union for German economic and armaments policy between the world wars . Boldt, Boppard am Rhein 1984.
  • Henning Schweer: The Stoltzenberg chemical factory until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008.
  • Dietrich Stoltzenberg: Fritz Haber. Chemist, Nobel Prize Winner, German, Jew. A biography of Dr. Dietrich Stoltzenberg . VCH, Weinheim 1994.
  • Margit Szöllösi-Janze: Fritz Haber 1868–1934. A biography . Beck, Munich 1998.
  • Manfred Zeidler: Reichswehr and Red Army 1920–1933. Paths and stages of an unusual collaboration . Oldenbourg, Munich 1993.

Press articles

Web links

Commons : Chemische Fabrik Stoltzenberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 53 ° 35 ′ 31 ″  N , 9 ° 54 ′ 14 ″  E

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Die Ultragifte is the title of a series of brochures published by the Stoltzenberg Chemical Factory in 1929/1930 on the use of chemical and biological warfare agents. See, among other things, this entry in the German National Library: Instructions for the production of ultra-poisons online .
  2. ^ Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, pp. 283-284; Margit Szöllösi-Janze: Fritz Haber 1868–1934. A biography . Beck, Munich 1998, pp. 358, 659.
  3. ↑ On this in detail: Rudibert Kunz, Rolf-Dieter Müller: Poison gas against Abd el Krim. Germany, Spain and the gas war in Spanish Morocco 1922–1927 . Rombach, Freiburg / Breisgau 1990.
  4. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 40.
  5. ^ Rolf-Dieter Müller: The chemical secret armor in the Weimar Republic . In: Hessian Foundation for Peace and Conflict Research (Hrsg.): Lessons from history? Historical peace research . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1990, pp. 237-240; Francis L. Carsten: Reichswehr and Politics. 1918-1933. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Berlin, Cologne 1964, pp. 150–153.
  6. ↑ Hans Günter Brauch, Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verl. Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985, pp. 113, 135.
  7. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, pp. 49-50
  8. ↑ Hans Günter Brauch, Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verl. Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985, pp. 135-136.
  9. ^ Rolf-Dieter Müller: The chemical secret armor in the Weimar Republic . In: Hessian Foundation for Peace and Conflict Research (Hrsg.): Lessons from history? Historical peace research . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1990, p. 240.
  10. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, pp. 64–65.
  11. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 65.
  12. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, pp. 66–67
  13. ↑ Astrid Lütje, Thomas Wohlleben: Stoltzenberg Chemical Factory - Two disasters without a culprit? In: Arne Andersen (Ed.): Environmental history: The example of Hamburg . Results-Verl., Hamburg 1990, p. 142
  14. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 77.
  15. ↑ For this in detail: Henning Schweer: The Stoltzenberg chemical factory until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, pp. 84–87.
  16. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 86.
  17. ^ Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, p. 296.
  18. ^ Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, pp. 296-297.
  19. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, pp. 89-90.
  20. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 90
  21. ^ Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, p. 298.
  22. ↑ Justification for the ordinance amending the law on the development plan Eidelstedt 5 / Bahrenfeld 28. (PDF) p. 21 , accessed on August 18, 2020 .
  23. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 91.
  24. ↑ Hans Günter Brauch, Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verl. Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985, pp. 358f
  25. ↑ Hans Günter Brauch, Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verl. Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985, pp. 334-336.
  26. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 92.
  27. ^ Henning Schweer: The chemical factory Stoltzenberg until the end of the Second World War. An overview of the period from 1923 to 1945, including the historical context, with an outlook on developments after 1945 . GNT, Diepholz 2008, p. 93.
  28. ↑ Hans Günter Brauch, Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): Chemical warfare - chemical disarmament. Documents and comments. Part 1. Documents from German and American archives . Berlin Verl. Arno Spitz, Berlin 1985, pp. 331-332.
  29. ↑ Astrid Lütje, Thomas Wohlleben: Stoltzenberg Chemical Factory - Two disasters without a culprit? In: Arne Andersen (Ed.): Environmental history: The example of Hamburg . Results-Verl., Hamburg 1990, p. 149; Dietrich Stoltzenberg: A chemical factory in Hamburg - The chemical factory Stoltzenberg . In: Section History of Chemistry in the GDCh (Hrsg.): Conference of the Industry Group of Section History of Chemistry - Contemporary Witness Reports VI . Mainz 2003, p. 299.