Kingdom of Chiang Hung

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Chiang Hung (Chiang Hoong) in a nineteenth century map

The Kingdom of Chiang Hung or Kingdom of Heokam ( Thai อาณาจักร หอคำ เชียง รุ่ง ) was a Tai Lü empire around the city of Chiang Hung, today's Jinghong in Xishuangbanna Prefecture in southern China. The greatest expansion of the Chiang Hung Kingdom was in the 13th century when it held large areas of the highlands in northern Laos and southern China. It was later conquered by the Yuan Dynasty , the Lan Na Empire, and the Burmese Empire. In the late 18th century, many Tai Lü were brought to the northern provinces of Siam, where they still settle in large numbers today. In the course of Mao Zedong's assimilation policy in the middle of the 20th century, many Tai Lue were forced to emigrate.

history

Early history

Phaya Jueang ( พญา เจื่ อง ), also called Chao Jueang Han ( เจ้า เจื่ อง หาญ ), is said to have started the fight with the Akha around 1180 and founded a Tai Lü empire near Chiang Hung or Heokam. Among other things, the cities of Keng Tung , Ngoen Yang , Thaeng (today's Dien Bien Phu and the capital of Tai Dam ) and Xiang Thong ( Luang Phrabang ) were made subject to tribute. Thus Chiang Hung was the undisputed ruler of the Tai empires of the north. Then the Tai Lü began to settle in other regions of their sphere of influence.

However, Chiang Hung fell victim to the invading armies of the Mongols in 1292 and was now subject to tribute to the Yuan dynasty . The Mongols gave the title Chao Saenwi Fa ( เจ้า แสน หวี ฟ้า ) with the surname Dao to the kings of Chiang Hung. The resulting power vacuum was briefly filled by the new empire Lanna, which emerged from Ngoen Yang. Mengrai the Great now brought Chiang Hung under his control. The Ming Dynasty recorded the kingdom under the name Cheli ( 車里 ). In the early 16th century, Lanna's authority waned and Chiang Hung enjoyed a new freedom for a short time before it was conquered in 1558 by the Burmese Kingdom of Toungoo under Bayinnaung . Chiang Hung was now obliged to pay tribute to the Burmese. These divided Chiang Hung into twelve administrative units, so-called pan, and gave it the name Sipsong Panna , twelve thousand fields. Here was the battlefield between the Burmese and the Chinese Qing dynasty .

After three centuries of Burmese control, Chiang Hung's fate turned again in the late 18th century when the Siamese under King Rama I brought the workers lost to Burma from the north. Prince Adthavorapango from Nan marched into Keng Tung and Chiang Hung to collect Tai Lü and send it south. Today Nan is home to the largest Tai-Lü population in Thailand . The king of Chiang Mai , Kawila , also invaded Chiang Hung to bring workers. As a result, the Tai Lü culture shifted south to Lanna.

Dynastic disputes

Conflicts for the throne brought Chiang Hung to the brink of abyss in 1847. Siamese chronicles report the event:

King Mahawan of Chiang Hung died in 1847 and was succeeded by his son, Prince Sarawan. Mahawan's uncle, Prince Mahakhanan, sat on the throne, however, and Prince Sarawan was forced to flee to Dali, where he sought support from the Qing Dynasty. Sarawan returned and killed the usurper Mahakhanan, whereupon his son, Prince Nokam, in turn turned to the Burmese in Ava for help. The Burmese marched and captured Chiang Hung. This triggered another wave of migration by the Tai Lü to the south. Prince Nokam was put on the throne, but was later murdered by his courtiers. Ava then confirmed Sarawan as king.

Sarawan's brother Oalnawudh fled to Luang Phrabang and in 1852 to Bangkok . The Siamese saw an opportunity to gain control of the Shan states in the north and planned to capture Kengtung on the way to Chiang Hung. Her two attempts to penetrate the impassable areas in the north failed in 1852 and 1855.

Modern times and heritage

Chiang Hung later came under the sovereignty of the Qing dynasty, after the end of which due to the Chinese revolution the kingdom of Chiang Hung virtually ceased to exist. In 1953 the Chinese Revolutionary Army captured Chiang Hung and several members of the old royal family fled to Thailand. The descendants still have the surname Dao.

Individual evidence

  1. http://www.thaipoet.net/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=424921&Ntype=2 (thai)
  2. http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/place/227 (Engl.)
  3. Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (thai.) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.panyathai.or.th