Colubrina

Colubrina
Branch of Colubrina asiatica with leaves, flowers and fruits
Systematics
Rosids Eurosiden I Order : Rose-like (rosales) Family : Buckthorn Family (Rhamnaceae) Tribe : incertae sedis Genre : Colubrina
Scientific name
Colubrina
Rich. ex Brongn.

Colubrina is a genus from the family of Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). The representatives form thorny or unreinforced, rarely climbing shrubs or trees. The range of the species is in the tropics of the Old and New World .

description

The species of the genus Colubrina grow as trees , bushes or climbing shrubs and are evergreen or deciduous, unreinforced or thorny. The leaves are alternate and rarely opposite. They are membranous to coarse and often glandular. The leaf margin is entire, serrate or notched. The veins are either pinnate or three leaf veins run from the leaf base. The stipules are very small and fall off early. The flowers usually grow in axillary, sedentary or only short-stalked cymes , small thyrses or clusters and rarely individually. They are hermaphroditic and fivefold. The flower cup (hypanthium) is cup or plate-shaped. The five petals are triangular, densely hairy on the underside and their upper side is slightly keeled. They fall off early. The disc is fleshy, fused with the calyx tube and almost fills the flower cup. The ovary is semi-subordinate and three-seldom four-fold. The stylus is triple lobed to three columns. Three-seeded, rounded capsules are formed as fruits , which open slowly or explosively, whereby the outer pericarp breaks off irregularly. The seeds are shiny, broadly obovate, contain protein and sometimes form an indistinct seed coat .

distribution

The natural range of the approximately 30 species is in the tropics of the ancient (Africa, South Asia, two species in China) and the New World (Australia, South America, Pacific islands).

Systematics and research history

Colubrina is a genus from the family of the Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), in which it no tribe is assigned ( incertae sedis ). William Jackson Hooker established the genus in 1827. Synonyms of the genus are Barcena Dugès , Cormonema Reissek ex Endl. , Hybosperma Urb. and Macrorhamnus Baill. The genus name Colubrina comes from the Latin, called in the Middle Ages (from the Latin colubra for Natter ) especially the snakes knotweed and "serpentine" signifies that he is referring to the similarity of the drives or the stamens with snakes.

Subgenus Colubrina Section Colubrina : Colubrina arborescens

Subgenus Colubrina Section Colubrina : Colubrina glandulosa

Subgenus Colubrina Section Colubrina : Colubrina oppositifolia

Serrataria subgenus : Colubrina asiatica

Serrataria subgenus : Colubrina californica

According to Kubitzki 33 species are distinguished according to Johnston 31 species. In his 1971 revision, Johnston divided the genus into two sub- genres , and another into four sections :

• Subgenus Colubrina with either entire leaf margin, or if the leaf margin is serrated or notched, the teeth are not provided with glands. However, glands may be present some distance from the leaf margin opposite the teeth. If the edge is sawn like a gland, there are no more than 10 teeth on each side.
  • Colubrina section : twigs and inflorescence axes are not transformed into thorns, the seeds have no aril. The distribution area is in the American tropics and Hawaii.
    • Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Coffin. : It occurs in Florida, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama and on islands in the Caribbean.
    • Colubrina cordifolia Reissek
    • Colubrina glandulosa G. Perkins
    • Colubrina obscura (cupboard) MCJohnst.
    • Colubrina oppositifolia Brongn. ex H.Mann : It occurs in Hawaii.
  • Section Cowania M.C. Johnst. : With entire leaves and twigs and inflorescence axes transformed into thorns. The range of the species is in America.
    • Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & WLStern : It occurs in Florida, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela and on islands in the Caribbean.
    • Colubrina heteroneura (Griseb.) Standl.
    • Colubrina retusa (Pittier) RSCowan
    • Colubrina spinosa Donn.Sm.
    • Colubrina verrucosa (Urb.) MCJohnst.
    • Colubrina viridis (MEJones) MCJohnst.
  • Section Barcena with three to ten teeth on each side of the leaf, each tooth being provided with a gland.
    • Colubrina ehrenbergii Schltdl.
    • Colubrina triflora Brongn. ex Sweet
  • Section Capuronia M.C. Johnst . : Branches and inflorescence axes are not transformed into thorns, the seeds show a small aril. The range of the species is on Madagascar.
    • Colubrina alluaudii (Pittier) Capuron
    • Colubrina decipiens (Baill.) Capuron
    • Colubrina faraloatra (H.Perrier) Capuron
    • Colubrina humbertii (H.Perrier) Capuron
• Subgenus Serrataria with serrated leaf margin and clearly more than ten teeth on each side. Each tooth has a gland near the leaf margin.
  • Colubrina anomala King (according to Plant List a synonym for Colubrina beccariana )
  • Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. : It occurs in tropical Africa and Asia, Madagascar, the Seychelles, the Philippines, New Guinea, China and Taiwan, Queensland, Hawaii, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Vanuatu . In North America it is a neophyte.
  • Colubrina beccariana Warb.
  • Colubrina berteroana Urb.
  • Colubrina californica I.M.Johnst.
  • Colubrina celtidifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Schltdl.
  • Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn. : It occurs in Florida, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands .
  • Colubrina greggii S. Watson
  • Colubrina macrocarpa (Cav.) G.Don
  • Colubrina pedunculata Baker f.
  • Colubrina sordida M.C. Johnst.
  • Colubrina stricta Engelm. ex MCJohnst.
  • Colubrina texensis (Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray : It is found in Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.
  • Colubrina travancorica Bedd.

The Plant List indicates the following additional types:

• Colubrina articulata (Capuron) Figueiredo
• Colubrina decipiens (Baill.) Capuron
• Colubrina johnstonii T. Wendt
• Colubrina nicholsonii A.E. van Wyk & Schrire
• Colubrina solanacea Rizzini

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} D. Medan, C. Schiarend: Rhamnaceae in Klaus Kubitzki: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VI, pp. 335, 336.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Yilin Chen, Carsten Schirarend: Colubrina In: Flora of China. Volume 12, p. 167.
3. ↑ Colubrina. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved December 2, 2014 .  
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Colubrina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
5. ↑ Bernhard Dietrich Haage: Prolegomena to Anfortas' suffering in the 'Parzival' Wolframs von Eschenbach. In: Würzburger medical history reports 3, 1985, pp. 101–126, here: p. 116.
6. ↑ Carus Sterne, Aglaia von Enderes, Werner Hopp: Our plant world. Berlin 1961, p. 412.
7. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names . 1: A-C. CRC Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2 , pp. 588 ( online on Google [accessed December 6, 2014]).
8. ^ MC Johnston: Revision of Colubrina (Rhamnaceae). Pp. 8-12.
9. ↑ Colubrina. In: The Plant List. Retrieved December 2, 2014 .  

literature

• Marshall C. Johnston: Revision of Colubrina (Rhamnaceae) . In: Brittonia . tape 23 , no. 1 . New York Botanical Garden Press, 1971, pp. 2-53 , JSTOR : 2805841 .
• Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 6: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 335, 336 (English).
• Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 12: Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 , pp. 167 (English).

Web links

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