Hagenau / Coolus (helmet)

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Hagenau / Coolus (helmet)
Haguenau Musée casque légionnaire.JPG
The eponymous helmet "Hagenau"; the cheek flaps of the specimen have not been preserved
Information
Weapon type: Protective weapon
Designations: Hagenau, Coolus, Hagenau / Coolus
Use: helmet
Working time: 1st century ago . BC to 1st century AD
Region of origin /
author: 		Latène cultures , Roman Empire , armourers
Distribution: Latène cultures, Roman Empire
Lists on the subject

Helmets of the Hagenau / Coolus type are based, depending on your point of view, on models of the northern Alpine Latène cultures or on Italian traditions from the Republican era. They received their most famous forms of appearance when they were used as combat helmets by the Roman army.

Surname

The type designation "Coolus", which is particularly well-known in the British and Anglo-American countries, was introduced to science in 1975 by the British weapons specialist H. Russell Robinson (1920–1978). The eponymous find indicates the place where one of the helmets of this type was found, the municipality of Coolus in France . The designation Haguenau or Hagenau , which is based on the work of the French historian Paul Couissin (1885-1932) published in 1926 , is traditionally much more common in Germany as well. The eponymous piece was discovered around 1900 in Drusenheim in Alsace and is kept in the Hagenau Museum. The combined designation "Hagenau / Coolus" or "Coolus / Hagenau" is often used in literature today.

history

This type of helmet is a further development of the Montefortino type, which slowly replaced it. Its beginnings are in the 1st century BC. Dated from the first half of the 1st century AD, it became a typical legionnaire's helmet. At the end of the 1st century AD, however, the Hagenau type was completely replaced by the Weisenau helmet type , after they had been in use in parallel for about a century.

description

Tip of a Hagenau / Coolus helmet with notch and hole to accommodate the helmet bush

The helmet almost always possesses a blend of bronze driven Helmglocke which is often pronounced hemispherical. Only one previously known iron specimen from 11/12 BC. The Roman camp in Oberaden , which was built in BC , but was destroyed in the Second World War , also combined features of the younger Weisenau helmet . With its mostly still narrow and usually very horizontal neck shield, which sits crescent-shaped in the neck area of ​​the calotte, the head protection of the Hagenau / Coolus is still strongly reminiscent of the much older helmet of the Montefortino type , which was widespread in the Roman army never reached the helmets of Hagenau / Coolus. As a rule, however, the neck visor of the younger type of helmet is wider for most pieces than with the Montefortino helmet. A Hagenau / Coolus from Haltern, which dates to around 9 AD, still has a neck protection that is almost as narrow as the pieces of the Montefortino type. Götz Waurick from the Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz saw this small neck shield as a criterion for the oldest forms of the Hagenau / Coolus type. But the neck protection of this piece has already been significantly revised and extends a little over the edge of the dome. The Hagenau / Coolus usually has a stronger cap than the Montefortino and a forehead protection. In some specimens, such as the eponymous helmet from Hagenau, the still horizontal neck shield was already considerably more expansive and now also protected the back flanks of the head up to the ears. The cheek flaps were also improved and, in some models, were much more adapted to the human anatomy or physiognomy , whereby the protective effect could be increased. A prominent feature of the Hagenau / Coolus is the continuous use of a browband in response to changes in warfare and war opponents. The protection attached to the helmet flanks just behind the ears area with a rivet to reinforce the forehead area and to ward off direct blows to the field of vision became a standard for the infantry helmets of the Principate . This technical detail may have been transferred from helmets of the Weisenau type to the Hagenau / Coolus helmets. On some Hagenau / Coolus helmets, metal grommets have been attached over the fastening rivets of the forehead protection, into which springs have probably been inserted. Another feature of many Hagenau / Coolus helmets is a tapered tapered helmet plume holder on the apex of the helmet bell, which, although it has a blunt tip, is nevertheless slightly reminiscent of the tip of a pimple hood despite its much more compact shape . In order to secure the helmet bush, which is probably made of horsehair, many of the tips have been given a notch and a horizontal hole perpendicular to it through the metal. In contrast to the helmet knobs of the Montefortino type, the tip of the helmet is usually no longer driven out of the calotte, but has been put on separately. However, there are also examples of the Hagenau / Coolus known in which the tip was also worked from the helmet bell.

literature

  • Markus Egg , Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase , Peter Schauer , Götz Waurick (author), Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer and others (eds.): Antique helmets. Collection Lipperheide and other holdings of the Antikenmuseum Berlin (= monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum. Volume 14). Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 1988, ISBN 3-88467-019-0 .
  • Peter Connolly : The Roman Army. Tiberius Claudius Maximus, soldier in the service of Trajan. Special edition, Neuer Tessloff Verlag, Nuremberg 2002, ISBN 3-7886-0745-9 .
  • Paul Couissin : Les armes romaines. Essai sur les origines et l'évolution des armes individual du Légionnaire romain . Champion, Paris 1926, pp. 328-331.
  • Marcus Junkelmann : The Legions of Augustus. 15th thoroughly revised and expanded edition. Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8316-4304-2 .
  • Astrid Bongartz: Studies on Roman helmets: Investigations into the finds of Roman infantry and cavalry helmets from the end of the Republic to the 3rd century AD. Dissertation, University of Cologne 2013 ( uni-koeln.de ).

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Heiko Steuer : helmet. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Volume 14, 1999, pp. 317-338, here: p. 325.
  2. ^ H. Russell Robinson : The Armor of Imperial Rome Arms & Armor Press, London 1975, ISBN 0-85368-219-4 .
  3. ↑ Paul Couissin : Les armes romaines. Essai sur les origines et l'évolution des armes individual du Légionnaire romain . Champion, Paris 1926, pp. 328-331.
  4. ↑ a b Michael J. Klein: Roman helmets from the Rhine near Mainz. In: The Romans and their legacy. Progress through innovation and integration. Exhibition in the Landesmuseum Mainz. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-2948-2 , p. 29 ff .; here: p. 31.
  5. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: The Legions of Augustus . 15th, thoroughly revised and expanded edition. Utz, Munich 2015, ISBN 3-8316-4418-7 , p. 243 .
  6. ↑ Astrid Bongartz: Studies on Roman helmets: Investigations on the finds of Roman infantry and cavalry helmets from the end of the republic to the 3rd century AD Cologne 2013, p. 21 .
  7. ↑ Thomas Fischer : The army of the Caesars. Archeology and history. Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7917-2413-3 , pp. 143-144.
  8. ^ H. Russell Robinson : The Armor of Imperial Rome. Arms & Armor Press, London 1975, ISBN 0-85368-219-4 , fig. 45.
  9. ^ Hans Klumbach : Roman helmets from Lower Germany (= art and antiquity on the Rhine. Volume 51). Exhibition catalog, Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1974, p. 36.
  10. ^ Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome . Facts On File, New York 2004, ISBN 0-8160-5026-0 , p. 87.
  11. ↑ Götz Waurick : Roman helmets. In: Markus Egg , Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase , Peter Schauer , Götz Waurick, Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer and others (eds.): Ancient helmets. Collection Lipperheide and other holdings of the Antikenmuseum Berlin (= monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum. Volume 14). Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 1988, ISBN 3-88467-019-0 , helmet 329.
  12. ↑ Gabriele Isenberg (ed.): The Roman non-ferrous metal finds from Haltern. With contributions by Martin Müller , Eugen Müsch, Sebastian Pechtold, Joseph Riederer (= soil antiquities of Westphalia. Volume 37). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2881-8 , p. 35, footnote 150.
  13. ↑ Axel Gelbhaar: Legio - The heavy national Roman infantry (I). In: Zeitschrift für Heereskunde. Volume 359, 1992, pp. 18-25.