Delisle scale

The Delisle scale [ dəˈlil ] is a temperature scale that was introduced in 1732 by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (1688–1768). The unit of the Delisle scale is degrees Delisle , which is not an SI unit .

In 1732 Delisle designed a thermometer that worked with liquid mercury . He took the boiling point of water (0 ° De) at normal atmospheric pressure (1013.25 mbar ) as a reference point and then measured the change in volume of the mercury. The Delisl thermometer originally had 2400 graduations. In the winter of 1738 Josias Weitbrecht (1702–1747) recalibrated the thermometer when he found that the change in volume of mercury over this temperature difference corresponds approximately to a ratio of 150 to 10,000. The boiling point of water (0 ° De) and the melting point of ice (150 ° De) were used as reference points . The Delisle scale thus runs like the scale originally designed by Celsius (boiling temperature of water and melting temperature ) and thus contrary to today's Celsius scale , which runs from the melting point of ice (0 ° C) to the boiling point of water (100 ° C). ${\ displaystyle 0 \, ^ {\ circ} {\ text {C}} _ {\ text {alt}}}$ ${\ displaystyle 100 \, ^ {\ circ} {\ text {C}} _ {\ text {alt}}}$

The Delisl thermometer was used in Russia for over 100 years .

Temperature scales

Overview of the classic temperature scales
unit	Unit symbol	lower anchor point F ₁	upper anchor point F ₂	Unit value	inventor	Year of creation	Distribution area
Kelvin	K	Absolute zero point , T ₀ = 0 K	Now without a fixed point, originally later T _Tri ( H ₂ O ) = 273.16 K ${\ displaystyle 1 \, \ mathrm {K} \; {\ stackrel {\ mathrm {def}} {=}} \; 1 \, ^ {\ circ} \ mathrm {C}}$	${\ displaystyle 1 \, \ mathrm {K} = 1 {,} 380 \, 649 \ cdot 10 ^ {- 23} {\ frac {\ mathrm {J}} {k _ {\ mathrm {B}}}}}$ earlier ${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {273 {,} 16}}}$	William Thomson Baron Kelvin	1848	worldwide ( SI unit )
centigrade	° C	Now 0 ° C = 273.15 K, previously T _Schm (H ₂ O) = 0 ° C	Now coupling to Kelvin, previously T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 100 ° C	${\ displaystyle 1 \, ^ {\ circ} \ mathrm {C} \; {\ stackrel {\ mathrm {def}} {=}} \; 1 \, \ mathrm {K}}$ earlier ${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {100}}}$	Different Celsius	1742	worldwide ( derived SI unit )
degrees Fahrenheit	° F	Now 32 ° F = 273.15 K, originally T _cold.= 0 ° F, later T _Schm (H ₂ O) = 32 ° F	Now coupling to Kelvin, originally T _human = 96 ° F, later T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 212 ° F	${\ displaystyle 1 {,} 80 \, ^ {\ circ} \ mathrm {F} \; {\ stackrel {\ mathrm {def}} {=}} \; 1 \, \ mathrm {K}}$ originally later ${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {96}}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {180}}}$	Daniel Fahrenheit	1714	United States
Rankine degree	° Ra, ° R	T ₀ = 0 ° Ra	Now coupling to Kelvin	${\ displaystyle 1 \, ^ {\ circ} \ mathrm {Ra} \; {\ stackrel {\ mathrm {def}} {=}} \; 1 \, ^ {\ circ} \ mathrm {F}}$	William Rankine	1859	United States
Degree Delisle	° De, ° D	T _Schm (H ₂ O) = 150 ° De	T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 0 ° De	${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {1} -F_ {2}} {150}}}$	Joseph-Nicolas Delisle	1732	Russia (19th century)
Degree Réaumur	° Ré, ° Re, ° R	T _Schm (H ₂ O) = 0 ° Ré	T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 80 ° Ré	${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {80}}}$	René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur	1730	Western Europe until the end of the 19th century
Degrees Newtons	° N	T _Schm (H ₂ O) = 0 ° N	T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 33 ° N	${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {33}}}$	Isaac Newton	≈ 1700	none
Degree Rømer	° Rø	T _Schm ( Lake ) = 0 ° Rø	T _boiling (H ₂ O) = 60 ° Rø	${\ displaystyle {\ frac {F_ {2} -F_ {1}} {60}}}$	Ole Romer	1701	none
Notes on the table: ↑ T _Tri (H ₂ O) has been at 273.16 K since the redefinition in May 2019 with a relative uncertainty of 3.7 · 10 ⁻⁷ according to Le Système international d'unités . 9e édition, 2019 (the so-called "SI brochure", French and English), pp. 21 and 133. ↑ The temperature of a cold mixture of ice, water and salmiak or sea salt (−17.8 ° C) and the supposed "body temperature of a healthy person" (35.6 ° C) were originally used ↑ The melting temperature of a brine (−14.3 ° C) was used.

Temperature conversion

Conversion between the temperature units
→ from →		Kelvin (K)	Degrees Celsius (° C)	Degrees Fahrenheit (° F)	Rankine degree (° Ra)
↓ to ↓		Kelvin (K)	Degrees Celsius (° C)	Degrees Fahrenheit (° F)	Rankine degree (° Ra)
T _Kelvin	=	T _K	T _C + 273.15	(T _F + 459.67) ⁵ ⁄ ₉	T _Ra · ⁵ / ₉
T _Celsius	=	T _K - 273.15	T _C	(T _F - 32) ⁵ ⁄ ₉	T _Ra · ⁵ / ₉ - 273.15
T _Fahrenheit	=	T _K * 1.8 - 459.67	T _C * 1.8 + 32	T _F	T _Ra - 459.67
T _Rankine	=	T _K * 1.8	T _C * 1.8 + 491.67	T _F + 459.67	T _Ra
T _Réaumur	=	(T _K - 273.15) x 0.8	T _C x 0.8	(T _F - 32) ⁴ ⁄ ₉	T _Ra · ⁴ / ₉ - 218.52
T _Rømer	=	(T _K - 273.15) ²¹ ⁄ ₄₀ + 7.5	T _C · ²¹ / ₄₀ + 7.5	(T _F - 32) ⁷ ⁄ ₂₄ + 7.5	(T _Ra - 491.67) ⁷ ⁄ ₂₄ + 7.5
T _Delisle	=	(373.15 - T _K ) x 1.5	(100 - T _C ) x 1.5	(212 - T _F ) ⁵ ⁄ ₆	(671.67 - T _Ra ) ⁵ ⁄ ₆
T _Newtons	=	(T _K - 273.15) x 0.33	T _C x 0.33	(T _F - 32) ¹¹ ⁄ ₆₀	(T _Ra - 491.67) ¹¹ ⁄ ₆₀

→ from →		Degree Réaumur (° Ré)	Degree Rømer (° Rø)	Degree Delisle (° De)	Degree Newton (° N)
↓ to ↓		Degree Réaumur (° Ré)	Degree Rømer (° Rø)	Degree Delisle (° De)	Degree Newton (° N)
T _Kelvin	=	T _Ré 1.25 + 273.15	(T _Rø - 7.5) ⁴⁰ ⁄ ₂₁ + 273.15	373.15 - T _De · ² / ₃	T _N · ¹⁰⁰ / ₃₃ + 273.15
T _Celsius	=	T _Ré 1.25	(T _Rø - 7.5) ⁴⁰ ⁄ ₂₁	100 - T _De · ² / ₃	T _N · ¹⁰⁰ / ₃₃
T _Fahrenheit	=	T _Ré · 2.25 + 32	(T _Rø - 7.5) ²⁴ ⁄ ₇ + 32	212 - T _De 1.2	T _N · ⁶⁰ / ₁₁ + 32
T _Rankine	=	T _Ré · 2.25 + 491.67	(T _Rø - 7.5) ²⁴ ⁄ ₇ + 491.67	671.67 - T _De * 1.2	T _N · ⁶⁰ ⁄ ₁₁ + 491.67
T _Réaumur	=	T _Ré	(T _Rø - 7.5) ³² ⁄ ₂₁	80 - T _De · ⁸ / ₁₅	T _N · ⁸⁰ / ₃₃
T _Rømer	=	T _Re · ²¹ / ₃₂ + 7.5	T _Rø	60 - T _De 0.35	T _N · ³⁵ / ₂₂ + 7.5
T _Delisle	=	(80 - T _Ré ) · 1.875	(60 - T _Rø ) ²⁰ ⁄ ₇	T _De	(33 - T _N ) ⁵⁰ ⁄ ₁₁
T _Newtons	=	T _Re · ³³ / ₈₀	(T _Rø - 7.5) ²² ⁄ ₃₅	33 - T _De · 0.22	T _N

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Dario Camuffo, Phil D. Jones: Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources . Springer, 2002, ISBN 978-1-4020-0556-5 , pp. 314 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Nikos Psarros: The chemistry and its methods . John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-62463-8 , pp. 109 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Jakov A. Smorodinskij: What is temperature ?: Concept, history, laboratory and cosmos . Harri Deutsch Verlag, 2000, ISBN 978-3-8171-1403-0 , p. 11 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[zwei-4] T _Tri (H ₂ O) has been at 273.16 K since the redefinition in May 2019 with a relative uncertainty of 3.7 · 10 ⁻⁷ according to Le Système international d'unités . 9e édition, 2019 (the so-called "SI brochure", French and English), pp. 21 and 133.

[drei-5] The temperature of a cold mixture of ice, water and salmiak or sea salt (−17.8 ° C) and the supposed "body temperature of a healthy person" (35.6 ° C) were originally used

[vier-6] The melting temperature of a brine (−14.3 ° C) was used.

[Camuffo-1] Dario Camuffo, Phil D. Jones: Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources . Springer, 2002, ISBN 978-1-4020-0556-5 , pp. 314 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[2] Nikos Psarros: The chemistry and its methods . John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-62463-8 , pp. 109 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[3] Jakov A. Smorodinskij: What is temperature ?: Concept, history, laboratory and cosmos . Harri Deutsch Verlag, 2000, ISBN 978-3-8171-1403-0 , p. 11 ( limited preview in Google Book search).